4 ELEMENTS OF MAMMALIAN ANATOMY. 
Canis famuliaris; the wolf, Canis lupus; the pig, Sus scrofa; 
the red deer, Cervas elephas; the elephant, Elephas 
Africanus; the ourang-outang, Simia satyrus; and man, 
Homo sapiens. 
METHODS OF PRESERVING MATERIAL. 
Alcohol has been widely used as a preservative, but owing 
to the fact that it is expensive and quickly evaporates from 
the specimen exposed to the air, thereby rendering the parts 
dry and brittle, its use has been largely 
supplanted by formalin. Formalin, CH,O, 
is often sold under the names of formose, 
formol, formine, formalosa, and formal- 
dehyd. It can be purchased for about 
thirty cents a pound. For preserving any 
animal or plant, the concentrated 40% 
formaldehyd is diluted with water in the 
Fic. 1, SPECIMEN . ; 
JAR. proportion of ninety-five parts of the lat- 
ter to five parts of the former. It is 
evident, therefore, that one pound of formaldehyd will make 
about ten liters of preserving fluid. 
The specimens may be kept a year or two without chang- 
ing the formalin in ordinary stone jars with covers, but 
for permanent preservation the glass jar with the ground- 
glass cover should be used (Fig. 1). 
Preparation of Vascular System.—To render the vessels 
plainly visible and distinguish the arteries from the veins, 
it is advisable to inject the former with a red mass.and the 
latter with a blue mass. These fluid masses should be of 
such a character as to harden in a short time after injection, 
so that they will not run out when the vessels are cut during 
dissection. 
A syringe of hard rubber, having a capacity of about two 
