THE SKELETON. 45 
jects caudad from the body, which is flattened dorsoventrally. 
Fic. 24. LatTeraL ASPECT OF THE AXIS. 
ar. st, Anterior articular process; od. pr, odontoid process; nl. sp, neural 
spine or spinous process; p. zg, posterior articular process; frs. pr, 
transverse process; wrt. c, transverse foramen. 
This process is pierced at its base by the transverse foramen. 
The remaining five cervicals 
are very similar to one another. 
The seventh has no_ transverse 
foramen. The spinous processes 
grow successively longer from 
the third to the seventh (Fig. 21). 
The transverse processes of the 
fourth and fifth are bifurcated, 
the dorsal branch being called 
the transverse clement and the 
ventral one the costal element, 
since it is really the rudiment of 
a rib. The transverse process of 
the fifth ends in three branches. 
The following features are com- 
mon to all thirteen thoracic ver- 
tebree: a spinous process, pro- 
jecting from the dorsum of the 
Fic. 25. LaterocaupaL As- 
PECT OF THE SECOND 
THORACIC VERTEBRA. 
tr, Transverse process; 2c, 
neural canal; ce, facet for 
tubercle of rib; ar, pos- 
terior articular process; 
Ss, spinous process; c, 
centrum; m, interverte- 
bral notch; ec, pedicle; J, 
lamina. 
neural arch; two cranial articular processes, facing dorsad 
or dorsolaterad; two caudal articular processes, facing ven- 
