102 ELEMENTS OF MAMMALIAN ANATOMY, 
The muscles in the different orders of mammals have the 
same general arrangement. Over four hundred muscles 
occurring in the cat are found in man and have approxi- 
mately the same relative location and function, and the 
same nerve-supply. The size and the 
shape of the muscles may vary somewhat 
in accordance with the habits of the ani- 
mal. The pectoralis in the cat* consists 
of five parts, while in man there are only 
two parts. The biceps is a simple muscle 
in the cat, but in man it has two well 
defined heads. The muscles for moving 
the ear, which are well developed in the 
horse, cow, and cat, are exceedingly rudi- 
mentary in man. The Cetacea and Sire- 
nia possess fewer muscles than the other 
orders of mammals, as they have no 
hind-limbs. These few remarks serve to 
show that a familiarity with the muscles 
Fic. 53. CaupaL Aspect oF THE MUSCLES OF THE 
Crus AND Foot WITH THE GASTROCNEMIUS, SOL- 
EUS, AND PLANTARIS REMOVED. 
ad, Adductor ; ac, tendon of Achilles; ab, abductor 
ossis metatarsi; eg, external head of gastrocne- 
mius; fb, flexor brevis digitorum cut at x and 
turned aside; fd, flexor longus digitorum, fl, 
flexor longus hallucis; 7, peroneus longus; J, 
peroneus brevis; /p, tendinous loop through 
which pass the tendons of the flexor brevis digi- 
torum and the flexor longus digitorum; , cut 
tendons of fb; 0, plantaris over the tuberosity 
of the os calcis; p, tendon of the peroneus 
brevis; pl, tendon of the plantaris, whose prox- 
imal portion is cut away; 7, tendon of the flexor 
longus digitorum pedis cut off as it passes 
through the slit in the flexor brevis digitorum; 
s, tendon of the flexor brevis digitorum split 
for the transmission of the tendon of the flexor 
longus digitorum pedis; so, soleus; ¢t, tendon 
of the flexor longus hallucis; x, plantaris giving 
origin to the flexor brevis digitorum. 
