HOW ANIMALS EAT. 63 



The Arthropoda exhibit a great variety of means for 

 procuring nourishment, in addition to the suctorial con- 

 trivances ah'eady mentioned, the innumerable modifica- 

 tions of the mouth corresponding to the diversity of food. 

 Millepedes, Caterpillars, and Grubs have a pair of horny 

 jaws moving horizontally. The Centipede has a second 

 pair of jaws, which are really modified feet, terminated 

 by curved fangs containing a poison-duct. The Horse- 

 shoe Crab uses its feet for prehension, and the thighs, or 

 basal joints of its legs, to masticate the food and force it 

 into the stomach. The first six pairs of legs in the Lob- 

 ster and Crab are likewise appropriated to conveying food 

 into the mouth, the sixth being enormously developed, 

 and furnished with powerful 

 pincers. Scorpions have a 

 similar pair of claws for pre- 

 hension, and also a pair of 

 small forceps for holding 

 tlie food in contact with the 



mouth. In their relatives, Fiq. is.— one of the Fanss, or Pei-foiatea 



the Spiders, the claws are Mandibles, of the spidev. 



wanting, and the forceps end in a fang, or hook, which is 

 perforated to convey venom.'" 



The biting Insects, as Beetles and Locusts, have two 

 pairs of horn}' jaws, which open sidewise, one above and 

 the other below the oral orifice. The upper pair are called 

 mandibles ; the lower, maxillae. The former are armed with 

 sharp teeth, or with cutting edges, and sometimes are fitted, 

 liketiie molarsof quadrupeds, to grind tliefood. The max- 

 illae are usually composed of several parts, some of which' 

 serve to liold the food, or to help in dividing it, while oth- 

 ers (palpi) are both sensory and prehensile. There is gen- 

 erally present a third pair of jaws — the labium — which are 

 united in the middle line, and serve as a lower lip. They 

 also bear palpi. The Mantis seizes its prey with its long 



