76 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 



it. The Polyps have also but one external opening; bnt 

 from this hangs down a short tube, open at both ends, 

 raachirig about half-way to the bottom of the body- 

 cavity. Such an arrangement would be represented by 

 a bottle with its neck turned inward. In this suspend- 

 ed sac, which is somewhat constricted at the extrem- 

 ities, digestion takes place; but the product passes freely 

 into all the surrounding chambers, along with the water 

 for respiration (Fig. 38). The Medusae, or Jelly-fishes, 

 preserve the same type of a digestive apparatus; but 

 the sac is cut off from the general cavity, and numer- 

 ous canals radiate from it to a circular canal near the 

 margin of the disk (Fig. 196). In the Star-fishes 

 (Fig. 126), we find a great advance. The sac -like 

 stomach sends off two glandular branches to each arm, 

 which doubtless furnish a fluid to aid in digestion (so- 

 called hepatic cceca). There is also an anus present in 

 so\ne forms, but it hardly serves to pass off the waste 

 matter. 



Thus far we have seen but one opening to the digestive 

 cavity, rejected portions returning by the same road by 

 which they enter. But a true alimentary canal should 

 have an anal aperture distinct from the oral. The sim- 

 plest form of such a canal is exhibited by the Sponge, in 

 its system of absorbent pores for the entrance of liquid, 

 and of several main channels for its discharge. The 

 apparatus, however, is not marked off from the general 

 cavity of the body, and digestion is not distinct from cir- 

 culation. °° 



The Sea-urchin presents us with an important advance 

 — one cavity with two orifices; and the complicated ap- 

 paratus of higher animals is but the development of this 

 type. This alimentary canal begins in a mouth well pro- 

 vided with teeth and muscles, and extends spirally to its 

 outlet, which generally opens on the upper, or opposite, 



