THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 



85 



The gizzard is most highly developed, and of a deep-red 

 color, in the Scratchers and flat-billed Swimmers (as Fowls 

 and Swans); but comparatively thin and feeble in Birds 

 of Prey (as the Eagle). 

 The gizzard is follow- 

 ed by the intestines, 

 which are longer than 

 those of Keptiles : the 

 small intestine begins 

 with a loop (the duo- 

 denum), and is folded 

 several times upon it- 

 self ; the large intestine 

 is short arid straight, 

 terminating in the sole 

 outlet of the body, the 

 cloaca. A liver and 

 , pancreas are always 

 attached to the upper 

 part of the small in- 

 testine. 



The alimentary ca- 

 nal in Mammals is 

 clearly separated into 

 four distinct cavities: 

 the pharynx, or throat; 

 the oesophagus, or gul- T- 

 let ; the stomach ; and 

 the intestines. 



The pharynx is more 

 complicated than in 

 Birds. It is a funnel- 

 shaped bag, having 

 seven openings lead- 

 ing into it : two from 



JPio. 50. — Digestive Apparatus of the Fowl: 1,. 

 tongue ; 2, pharynx ; 3, 5, cesophagas ; 4, crop ; 

 6, proveutricnlas ; 7, gizzard ; 8, 9, 10, dnodeuum ; 

 11, 12, small intestine ; 13, two cseca (aualogue of 

 the colon of mammals) ; 14, their insertion into 

 the intestinal tnhe; 15, rectnm ; Ifl, cloaca; IT,, 

 anns ; 18, mesentery ; 19, 20, left and right lobes 

 of liver; 21, gall-bladder; 22, insertion of pan- 

 creatic and biliary ducts ; 23, pancreas ; 24, lung ; 

 2B, ovary ; 26, oviduct. 



