122 



COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 



be poured. Usually, however, the cells of the membrane 

 manufacture the secretion from materials furnished by the 

 blood. Even in the higher animals, there are such secret- 

 ing membranes. The membranes lining the nose and ali- 

 mentary canal and enclosing 

 the lungs, heart, and joints, 

 secrete lubricating fluids. 



The infolding of such a 

 membrane into little sacs or 

 short tubes {foll/icles), each 

 having its own outlet, is the 

 type of all secreting and ex- 

 creting organs. The lower 

 animals have nothing more 

 complex, and the apparatus 

 for preparing the gastric fluid 

 attains no further develop- 

 ment even in Man. When 



Fig. S9._Th,-ee plans of secreting Mem- ^ eluStcr of tlieSC folliclcS, Or 

 bi'Mues. The heavy liue represents the ' 



areolar-vascular layer; the uext line is saCS, discharge their Contents 



the basement, or limiting membrane; ^ 



and the dotted line the epithelial layer: by One COmmon duct, WO 



a shows increase of snrface by simple i 7 .7 "D j. i xi, 



plaited or fringed projections; 6, five n^Ve a giand. ±Jut Whether 



modes of increase by i-ecesses, forming: rvickmlM..-inrt ^^^H.'^l^ «« ~1 ] 



simple glands, or follicles; c, two form^ membiaue, foUicle, or gland, 

 of compound glands. the Organ is covered with a 



net-work of blood-vessels, and lined with epithelial cells, 

 which are the real agents in the process. 



The chief Secreting Organs are the salivary glands, 

 gastric follicles, pancreas, and liver, all situated alonir the 

 digestive tract. 



1. The salivary glands, which open into the mouth, se- 

 crete saliva. They exist in nearly all Vertebrates, higher 

 MoUusks, and Insects, and are most largely developed in 

 * such as live on vegetable food. The saliva serves to lu- 

 bricate or dissolve the food for swallowing, and, in some 

 Mammals, aids also in digestion of starch." 



