188 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 



passing theii; antennae. All the higher animals, too, have 

 similar emotions — as joy, fear, love, and anger. 



While instinct culminates in Insects, the highest devel- 

 opment of intelligence is presented in Man.'" In Man 

 only does instinct cease to be the controlling power. He 

 stands alone in having the whole of his organization con- 

 formed to the demands of his brain; and his intelligent 

 acts are characterized by the capacity for unlimited prog- 

 ress. The brutes can be improved by domestication ; 

 but, left to. themselves, they soon relapse into their origi- 

 nal wildness. Civilized Man also goes back to savagery; 

 yet Man (though not all Men) has the ambition to exalt 

 his mental and moral nature. He has a soul, or conscious 

 relation to the Infinite, which leads him to aspire after a 

 lofty ideal. Only he can form abstract ideas. And, 

 finally, he is a completely self-determining agent, with a 

 prominent will and conscience — the highest attribute of 

 the animal creation. In all this, Man differs profoundly 

 from the lower forms of life. 



3. The Yoices of Animals. 

 Most aquatic animals are mute. Some Crabs make 

 noises by rubbing their fore-legs against their carapace ; 

 and many Fishes produce noises in various ways, mostly 

 by means of the swim-bladder. Insects are the Inverte- 

 brates which make the most noise. Their organs are usu- 

 ally external, while those of Vertebrates are internal. In- 

 sects of rapid flight generally make the most noise. In 

 some the noise is produced by friction (stridulation) ; in oth- 

 ers, by the passage of air through the spiracles (humming). 

 The shrill notes of Crickets and Grasshoppers are pro- 

 duced by rubbing the wings against each other, or against 

 tlie thighs; but the Cicada, or Harvest-fly, has a special 

 apparatus — a tense membrane on the abdomen, acted upon 

 by muscles. The buzzing of Flies and humming of Bees 



