NOTES. 395 



'" The pouch is wanting in some Opossums and the Dasyurus. 



"' For the best account of the Elephant, see Tennant's " Ceylon " or 

 Brehm's " Thieileben." 



'"* The fore-feet of the Tapir have four toes, but one does not touch the 

 ground. 



"' The extinct horse (^Hipparion) has three toes, two small hoofs dangling 

 behind. The foot ot the Horse is of wonderful structure. The bones are 

 constructed and placed with a view to speed, lightness, and strength, and 

 bound together by ligaments of marvellous tenacity. There are elastic pads 

 and cartilages to prevent jarring; and all the parts are covered by a living 

 membrane which is exquisitely sensitive, and endows the foot with the sense 

 of touch, without which the animal could not be sure-footed. The hoof 

 itself is a world of wonders, being made of parallel fibres, each a tube com- 

 posed of thousands of minute cells, the tubular form giving strength. There 

 are three parts, "wall," "sole," and "frog" — the triangular, elastic piece 

 in the niiddle, which acts as a cushion to prevent concussion and also 

 slippiug. 



'™ The Camel and Llama are exceptional, having two upper incisors and 

 canines, are not strictly cloveu-footed, having pads rather than hoofs, and 

 are hornless. 



'*' The Hyena alone of the Carnivores has only four toes on all the limbs, 

 and the Dog has four hind-toes. The Lion is the king of beasts in majesty, 

 but not in strengtli. Five men can easily hold down a Lion, while it requires 

 nine to control a Tiger. 



'*' The eye-orbits of tlie Lemurs are open behind. The Flying Lemur 

 (^Galeopilhecus) is considered an Insectivore. 



1S3 fiie old term Quadrwmana is rejected, because it misleads, for Apes, as 

 well as Men, have two feet and two hands. There is as much anatomical 

 difference between the feet and hands of an Ape as between the feet and 

 hands of Man. Owen, however, with Cuvier, considers the Apes truly " four- 

 handed." 



'^ It fails to cover in the Howling Monkey and Siamang Gibbon ; but in 

 the Squirrel Monkey it more than covers, overlapping more than in Man. 

 As to the convolutions, there is every grade, from the almost smooth brain 

 of the Marmoset to that of the Chimpanzee or Orang, which falls but little 

 below Man's. 



'** The tailed Apes of the Old World have longer legs than arms, and 

 generally have " uheek-pouuhes," which serve as pockets for the temporary 

 stowage of food. 



'** In the human infant, the sole naturally turns inward; and the arms of 

 the embryo are longer than the legs. 



"" The Aye-aye, the lowest of the Lemurs, is remarkable for the large 

 proportion of the cranium to the face. 



'" This feature was shared by tlie extinct Anoploiherium, and now to some 

 extent by one of the Lemurs (Tarmis), 



169 ^ffQ jjave treated Man zoologically only. His place in Nature is a wider 

 question than his position in Zoology; but it involves metaphysical and 

 psycliological considerations which do not belong here. 



