Salmonidz 295 
settled. These dwarf forms, called kokos by the Indians and 
benimasu in Japan, form the subspecies Oncorhynchus nerka 
kennerlyt. The flesh in this species is firmer than that of any 
other and very red, of good flavor, though drier and less rich 
than the king-salmon. 
The silver salmon, or coho (Oncorhynchus milktschitsch, or 
kisutch), reaches a weight of 5 to 8 pounds. It has 13 devel- 
oped rays in the anal, 13 branchiostegals, 23 (10 +13) gill-rakers, 
and 45 to 80 pyloric coeca. There are about 127 scales in the 
lateral line. The scales are thin and all except those of the 
lateral line readily fall off. This feature distinguishes the species 
readily from the red salmon. In color it is silvery in spring, 
greenish above, and with a few faint black spots on the upper 
parts only. In the fall the males are mostly of a dirty red. 
The flesh in this species is of excellent flavor, but pale in color, 
and hence less valued than that of the quinnat and the red 
salmon. 
The dog-salmon, calico salmon, or chum, called saké in 
Japan (Oncorhynchus keta), reaches an average weight of about 
7 to 10 pounds. It has about 14 anal rays, 14 branchiostegals, 
24 (9+15) gill-rakers, and 140 to 185 pyloric coeca. There are 
about 150 scales in the lateral line. In spring it is dirty 
silvery, immaculate, or sprinkled with small black specks, the 
fins dusky, the sides with faint traces of gridiron-like bars. In 
the fall the male is brick-red or blackish, and its jaws are greatly 
distorted. The pale flesh is well flavored when fresh, but pale 
and mushy in texture and muddy in taste when canned. It is 
said to take salt well, and great numbers of salt dog-salmon are 
consumed in Japan. 
The humpback salmon, or pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gor- 
buscha), is the smallest of the American species, weighing from 
3 to 5 pounds. It has usually 15 anal rays, 12 branchiostegals, 
28 (134-15) gill-rakers, and about 180 pyloric cceca. Its scales 
are much smaller than in any other salmon, there being 180 
to 240 in the lateral line. In color it is bluish above, silvery 
below, the posterior and upper parts with many round black 
spots, the caudal fin always having a few large black spots 
oblong in form. The males in fall are dirty red, and are more 
extravagantly distorted than in any other of the Salmonide. 
