Salmonide 297 
but the blue-back is not found in the Sacramento. Only the 
quinnat and the dog-salmon have been noticed south of San 
Francisco. In Japan keta is by far the most abundant species of 
salmon. It is known as saké, and largely salted and sold in the 
markets. Nerka is known in Japan only as landlocked in Lake Akan 
in northern Hokkaido. Mulktschitsch is generally common, and 
with masou is known as masu, or small salmon, as distinguished 
from the large salmon, or saké. Tschawytscha and gorbuscha are 
unknown in Japan. Masou has not been found elsewhere. 
The quinnat and blue-back salmon, the “noble salmon,” 
habitually ‘“‘run’’ in the spring, the others in the fall. The 
usual order of running in the rivers is as follows: tschawytscha, 
nerka, milktschitsch, gorbuscha, keta. Those which run first go 
farthest. In the Yukon the quinnat runs as far as Caribou 
Crossing and Lake Bennett, 2250 miles. The red salmon runs 
to “Forty-Mile,”’ which is nearly 1800 miles. Both ascend to 
the head of the Columbia, Fraser, Nass, Skeena, Stikeen, and 
Taku rivers. The quinnat runs practically only in the streams 
of large size, fed with melting snows; the red salmon only in’ 
streams which pass through lakes. It spawns only in small 
streams at the head of a lake. The other species spawn in 
almost any fresh water and only close to the sea. 
The economic value of the spring-running salmon is far 
greater than that of the other species, because they can be cap- 
tured in numbers when at their best, while the others are usually 
taken only after deterioration. 
The habits of the salmon in the ocean are not easily studied. 
Quinnat and silver salmon of all sizes are taken with the seine 
at almost any season in Puget Sound and among the islands 
of Alaska. This would indicate that these species do not go 
far from the shore. The silver salmon certainly does not. 
The quinnat pursues the schools of herring. It takes the 
hook freely in Monterey Bay, both near the shore and at a 
distance of six to eight miles out. We have reason to believe 
that these two species do not necessarily seek great depths, 
but probably remain not very far from the mouth of the rivers 
in which they were spawned. The blue-back or red salmon cer- 
tainly seeks deeper water, as it is seldom or never taken with the 
seine along shore, and it is known to enter the Strait of Fuca in 
