490 Cavallas and Pampanos 
as the last named, and there is much question as to the right 
names and proper limits of all these species. 
In Trachurops the bony plates are lacking on the anterior 
half of the body, and there is a peculiar nick and projection 
on the lower part of the anterior edge of the shoulder-girdle. 
Trachurops crumenophthalma, the goggler, or big-eyed scad, 
ranges widely in the open sea and at Hawaii, as the Akule, is 
the most highly valued because most abundant of the migra- 
tory fishes. At Samoa it is equally abundant, the name bFeing 
here Atule. Trachurops torva is the meaji, or big-eyed scad, of 
the Japanese, always abundant. 
To Caranx, Carangus, and a number of related genera, charac- 
terized by the bony armature on the narrow caudal peduncle, a 
host of species may be referred. These fishes, known as cavallas, 
Fie. 385.—Yellow Mackerel, Carangus chrysos (Mitchill). Wood’s Hole. 
hard-tails, jacks, etc., are broad-bodied, silvery or metallic black 
in color, and are found in all warm seas. They usually move from 
the tropics northward in the fall in search of food and are espe- 
cially abundant on our Atlantic coast, in Polynesia, and in Japan. 
About the Oceanic Islands they are resident, these being their 
chosen spawning-grounds. In Hawaii and Samoa they form a 
large part of the food-supply, the ulua (Carangus forsteri) and the 
malauli (Carangus melampygus) being among the most valuable 
food-fishes, large in size and excellent in flesh, unsurpassed in 
fish chowders. Of the American species Carangus chrysos, 
called yellow mackerel, is the most abundant, ranging from Cape 
