506 Cavallas and Pampanos 
we must place the family with Pempherts, near the scombroid 
fishes. 
Luvaride.—Another singular family is the group of Louvars, 
Luvaride. Luvartsimpertalis. The single known species is a large, 
plump, voracious fish, with the dorsal and anal rays all un- 
branched, and the scales scurf-life over the smooth skin. It is 
frequently taken in the Mediterranean, and was found on the 
island of Santa Catalina, California, by Mr. C. F. Holden. 
The Square-tails: Tetragonuridea.—The Tetragonuride are long- 
bodied fishes of a plump or almost squarish form, covered 
with hard, firm, very adherent scales. Tetragonurus cuvieri, the 
single species, called square-tail, or escolar de natura, is a 
curious fish, looking as if whittled out of wood, covered with 
a compact armor of bony scales, and swimming very slowly in 
deep water. It is known from the open Atlantic and Medi- 
terranean and has been once taken at Woods Hole in Massa- 
chusetts. According to Mr. C. T. Regan the relations of this 
eccentric fish are with the Stromatetde and Bramide, the skele- 
ton being essentially that of Stromateus, and Boulenger places 
both Tetragonurus and Stromateus among the Percesoces. 
The Crested Band-fishes: Lophotide.—The family of Lopho- 
tide consists of a few species of deep-sea fishes, band-shaped, 
naked, with the dorsal of flexible spines beginning as a high 
crest on the elevated occiput. The first spine is very strong. 
The ventrals are thoracic with the normal number, I, 5, of fin- 
rays. Lophotes cepedianus, the crested bandfish, is occasionally 
taken in the Mediterranean in rather deep water. Lophotes 
capellet is rarely taken in the deep waters of Japan. 
It is thought that the Lophotide may be related to the 
ribbon-fishes, Teniosomi, but on the whole they seem nearer 
to the highly modified Scombroidet, the Pteraclide for 
example. 
In a natural arrangement, we should turn from the Bramz- 
de to the Antigonttde and the Ilarchide, then passing over 
the series which leads through Chetodontide and Teuthide 
to the Plectognaths. It is, however, necessary to include here, 
alongside the mackerels, though not closely related to them, the 
parallel series of perch-like fishes, which at the end become 
also hopelessly entangled, through aberrant forms, with other 
