Surmullets, Croakers, etc. 567 
peneus martinicus, equally valued. Many other species are 
found in tropical America, Polynesia, and the Indies and Japan. 
Perhaps the most notable are Upeneus vittatus, striped with 
yellow and with the caudal fin cross-barred and the belly sul- 
phur-yellow, and Upeneus arge, similar, the belly white. The 
common red and black-banded ‘“‘moana”’ or goatfish of Hawaii 
is Pseudupeneus multifasciatus. 
No fossil Mullide are recorded, so far as known to us. 
The Croakers: Scienide.— The family of Sczenide (croak- 
ers, roncadors) is another of the great groups of food-fishes. 
The species are found on every sandy shore in warm regions 
and all of them are large enough to have value as food, while 
many have flesh of superior quality. None is brightly colored, 
most of the species being nearly plain silvery. 
Special characters are the cavernous structure of the bones 
of the head, which are full of mucous tracts, the specialization 
% 
A) 
Fic. 460.—Spotted Weakfish, Cynoscion nebulosus. Virginia. 
(and occasional absence) of the air-bladder, and the presence 
of never more than two anal spines, one of these being some- 
times very large. Most of the species are marine, all are car- 
nivorous; none inhabits rocky places and none descends to depths 
in the sea. At the least specialized extreme of the family, 
the mouth is large with strong canines and the species ate 
slender, swift, and predaceous. 
The weakfish or squeteague (Cynoscion regalis) is a type 
of a multitude of species, large, swift, voracious, but with ten- 
der flesh, which is easily torn. The common weakfish, abun- 
dant on our Atlantic coast, suffers much at the hands of its 
