380 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. 



DISLOCATIONS. 



Dislocation, luxation, or the displacement of a joint with- 

 out fracture, is very commonly seen in canine practice. 



The dislocations usually met with are in the shoulder, 

 elbow, knee, hip, stifle, hock, toes. 



Predisposing Causes. — Congenital deformity, elongation 

 of the articulatory ligaments, atrophied or weak muscles, 

 previous luxation. 



Fig. 38. 

 dislocation of shoulder-joint. 



Exciting Causes. — External violence, as falls, blows, 

 twists, undue force in parturition, muscular action, volun- 

 tary effort. 



Symptoms. — Displacement and deformity of the part ; 

 undue prominence, or the reverse, where neither should 

 exist ; shortening or elongation of the limb, generally the 

 former ; inability to perform the usual natural movements ; 



