THE WOODWORK. 55 
In structures with glazed sides and two plates, the upper 
one may be tied in by means of rods secured to the standards, 
by means of cast iron brackets screwed to the rafters 
and uprights, or 
muntins, at the sides, 
or by spandrils at the 
apex of the roof (see 
Fig. 38), all of which 
tend to keep the bars , B C 
from giving out, and 
consequently keep 
the plates in place, or lastly by means of rods passing from 
the plate at the bottom toa pointa little way down the rafters 
on the opposite side, as shown in Fig. 89. Ordinary hori- 
zontal cross-ties from rafter to rafter above will also prevent 
the plates giving way, but in addition to these it is as well to 
secure the plates directly in some way. 
Rafters.—Plain or principal rafters consist simply of 
lengths of ordinary rectangular quartering, which may vary 
in size from 3in. by 2in. to 8in. or even Yin. by 24in. or 3in., 
according to the size of the structure and 
length of the rafters. In conservatories, and 
other ornamental structures, the principal rafters 
are frequently moulded more or less elaborately, 
or if even simply champfered at the corners, 
their appearance will be improved considerably. 
Sashbars, of which the larger sizes are 
frequently used in place of rafters, but taking 
Fic. 41. the glass direct (see p. 17), are made in several 
sizes and patterns, some of which are shown in Fig. 40. 
The strongest, simplest, and best form for ordinary purposes 
Fig. 40. 
