THE WOODWORK. 63 
are, however, sometimes split down 3in. or 4in. at each 
end, and the halves bent and hammered out flat, a hole or 
two being drilled or punched for screws in each of the top 
arms, as shown in Fig. 50. But this is a somewhat 
clumsy method, and cannot be recommended for first-class 
work, 
Whether iron or wooden standards are used, the lower 
ends must be sunk a foot or more in the ground, and firmly 
fixed in a mass of concrete or brickwork, as shown in 
Fig. 31. 
Besides acting as supports to the roof, standards are 
often very useful for supporting shelves, to assist in 
carrying staging, and for tying in the wall-plates, as well 
as helping to keep the house in shape, as shown in the 
sketch. 
In wide houses, if the pathways come awkwardly and 
prevent the standards being placed so as to carry the purline 
in its proper position—along the middle of the rafters—the 
difficulty may be overcome by using levers, or by placing 
the standards in a sloping position, as in Fig. 31. When 
this is done, the standards take the inward thrust of the roof 
from wind, etc., better, but do not aid to keep the structure 
upright as the vertical ones do. 
In Fig. 38, the different methods of tying the roof of a 
greenhouse of any kind or size together, are shown. The 
ordinary tie-bar, if iron, should be bent downwards to the 
proper angle, as shown in the sketch, and two or three holes 
for screws be drilled in each end. 
The spandril, at least when employed alone, is only 
applicable to structures of comparatively small size, but the 
others may be employed in houses of any dimensions. 
