GLASS AND GLAZING, PAINTING, ETC. 83 
put in, but the objections are, that however carefully fixed, 
the glass ‘‘ chatters’’ badly in windy weather, and at such 
times there is also a considerable loss of heat. 
There are also many other methods of “glazing without 
putty,” the glass being carried in bars of iron, lead, or 
zine, one of the best being what is known as the ‘‘simplex 
lead glazing,” shown in Fig. 63. This system was intro- 
duced by Messrs. Grover & Son, of Wharf Road, City Road 
(London), and forms a simple and excellent means of 
securing glass to bars of almost any kind. Where bars of 
T iron are employed, as above, the simplex lead glazing is 
Fic. 63, 
much the best method of fixing the glass. But most, if not 
all the other systems are open to serious objections of some 
kind, and after all there is nothing superior, if equal, for 
most purposes, to the old fashioned method of wooden bars 
and glass well bedded in putty, but without any top-putty, 
as already described. 
Iron uprights, or ‘“‘muntins,” are also frequently 
employed in the construction of houses with side or front 
sashes, to carry the upper plates. Being at once light 
and strong these are very useful, and if desired may be 
made so as to be built into the brickwork, or concrete, 
a 2 
