SUMMARIES 171 



v.— The Root.— Part III., p. 28. 



1-2. Tap-roots and fibrous roots. 3. Fleshy roots. 4. Roots 

 from creeping stems. 5. Reasons for different root shapes. 

 6-7. Nature is continually renewing the foods needed by the roots. 

 8-12. The good farmer imitates Nature by using manure and 

 adopting rotation of crops. 13-14. Various tiny creatures 

 (bacteria) also assist the roots by keeping the soil airy and drained. 



VI.— The Stem.— Part I., p. 35. 



1-2. The stem supports the leaves and flowers, and acts as a 

 channel for the sap. 3-6. Growth of the stem : the heartwood ; 

 the new stem-wood ; the bark ; ringing. 7. Comparison of one- 

 and two-year old stems. 8-10. Root-sap and leaf-sap and their 

 tubes. 11. The silver-grain and pith-rays. 



VII.— The Stem.— Part II., p. 40. 



1-2. The sap-tubes. 3-5. Experiments to shew the water-path 

 in stem and leaf : vine shoot (two seed-leaves) ; Danubian reed 

 (one seed-leaf). 6-7. Palms and reeds grow by adding new growth 

 at the top. 8. How a tree ringed half-way round behaves. 



VIII.— Climbing Plants and Parasites.- P. 45. 



1. Plants seek light. 2. Scrambling plants : rose, bramble. 

 3-4. Twining plants : hop, honeysuckle, and convolvulus : one 

 side grows faster than the other. 5. Tmning stems buried in 

 wood. 6. Tendrils : Virginia creeper, Japanese ivy, grape vine. 

 7. Air-root plants : ivy. 8-11. Plants living on the juices of other 

 plants : mistletoe, dodder, mushroom, rust. 12. The gardener 

 imitates this scheme of Nature by budding and grafting. 



IX.— The Leaves.— Part I., p. 53. 



1-7. Plants try to get as much as possible of carbon-dioxide, a 

 gas breathed out by man and made by every fire and light but 

 forming only a small proportion of the air. 8-9. Leaves "without 

 light cannot take in this air-food. 10-12. Plants turn towards 

 the sunlight. 



X.— The Leaves.— Part II., p. 58. 



1-4. Plants are built up mostly from air and water, and the 

 solid food contained in the latter. 5. They turn dead stuffs, like 



N 



