SUMMARIES 173 



XV.— The Flower— What is a Flower?- P. 92. 



1-8. The flower is a seed-maker ; it is not always coloured ; 

 nor is it always scented. 9. Flowers have different plans for 

 making seeds ; colour, scent, insects, birds, winds are in turn 

 used, while some flowers dust their own seed-case with their own 

 pollen. 



XVI.— The Parts of a Flower.— P. 96. 



1. Dissection of scarlet geranium. 2-3. The flower-stalk ; 

 why is it high or low, why is it hairy ? i. The green sheath of 

 the flower-cluster. 5. How the younger flower-buds are protected 

 by the older flowers. 6. The calyx ; sepals ; a shield and a 

 hupport. 7. The corolla, petals. 8-9. The honey-tube. 



XVII.— The Parts of a Flower (continued)— P. 101. 



1-3. The stamens bear the pollen-cases or anthers which dust 

 the insects with pollen. 4. The pistil and stigma. 5-6. The seed- 

 case : five seeds. 7. The seed is thrown into the air by curling 

 elastio stalks. 8. Plants with two seed-leaves generally have five- 

 fold flowers ; one seed-leaf gives three-fold flowers. 



XVIII.— The Geranium's Debt to Insects.— P. 105. 



1-3. The geranium, like most of the finest flowers, sends its 

 pollen to other geranium flowers and gets their pollen in return. 

 4. Mixture of flowers gives strength and beauty. 5-7. The long 

 flower-stalk and the gay colour attract insects. 8. The petal 

 door-step. 9. Guides to the honey-tube : grooves. 10-11. The 

 hairs of the stalk keep off small honey thieves. 12. The geranium 

 can make its seed properly only in South Africa, its native 

 country. 13. Weeds using their own pollen spread widely and 

 rapidly. All the gay flowers do not need insects. 14. Rain 

 injures pollen. 



XIX.— Regular and Irregular Flowers.— P. 111. 



1. Tubular flowers. 2. Regular and irregular flowers. 

 3-7. Petals of irregular flowers are planned to suit insects : the 

 snapdragon's mouth and the humble bee ; the lip-flowered family, 

 salvias, lavender, mint, thyme. 8. How the salvia dusts the bee 

 with pollen. 9-10. Structure of the gorse flower. 11. A bee in 

 the gorse flower. 12. Structure of the white clover. 13. The 

 clover bee. 



