SUMMARIES 175 



XXV. — How Plants Multiply without the Hklp of Seeds. 

 —P. 148. 

 1. Origin of stem-cell and leaf-cell unknown. 2. Leaf of 

 bougainvillea, monthly rose, and gooseberry. 3. Pineapple leaf. 

 4-6. How a single leaf can make new plants : bramble, prickly- 

 pear. 7. New plants may spring from roots : willow, raspberry. 

 8-11. The stem above ground makes new plants : buffalo grass, 

 strawberry, gooseberry, currant : layering. 12. Slips or cuttings. 

 13-17. Underground stems also make new plants : bracken, rose, 

 potato, onion, crocus, gladiolus, wood-sorrel tuber, bulb. 

 18. How man learned to be a gardener. 



XXVI. — How Plants have been improved by Man.— P. 155. 

 1. Improvement of animals and plants. 2. Forest plants now 

 found in orchards : plum, cherry, apple, strawberry. 3. The sloe 

 was changed into the garden plum. 4-5. Improvement of 

 vegetables : parsnip. 6. Native plants may become garden 

 vegetables : spinach. 7-9. Importance of method of improving 

 wheat. 10. Hedge-rose to garden rose. 11-14. Budding and 

 gi'afting. 15. Use the best seed. 



XXVII —How one Season Pebpaees foe the Next.— P. 163. 

 1-3. Annuals, portulaca; biennials, carrot, turnip; perennials, 

 gum tree, oak. 4. How trees begin in spring to prepare for next 

 spring ; buds. 5. How young buds are protected : stipules, hairy 

 leaf-stalk, thorn. 6-7. The fall of the leaf. 8. The plane-tree bud 

 is hidden in a cup during summer. 9-11. The inside of a bud. 

 12. How the bulbs get ready for next .spring. The peculiar charm 

 of each season. 



