122 Voice in Insects. 
spiracles. Who has not noticed that a bumble-bee impris- 
oned closely in a flower still hums? I have also heard a 
carpenter-bee in a tunnel hardly larger than its body, hum 
loudly. Landois found this hum ceased when the spiracles 
were closed with wax. He describes quite an intricate 
Fic. 42. 
@ Jaw of Drone. 6 Jaw of Queen, ¢ Jaw of Worker. 
voice box, with a complex folded membrane, the tension 
of which is controlled through the action of a muscle and 
tendon. Thus we see that the bees have a vocal organiza- 
tion not very unlike our own in the method of its action. 
The piping of the queen is probably this true voice. Lan- 
dois also states that bees and other insects also make noise 
by the movement of the abdominal segments, the one on 
the other. From the enormous muscles in the thorax 
(Fig. 15,) we should expect rapid flight in bees. Marked 
bees have been known to fly one-half mile, unload and return 
in six minutes, and double that distance in eleven minutes, 
In thirty minutes they went two and one-half miles, 
unloaded and returned. Thus they fly slower when forag- 
ing at a distance. These experiments were tried by my 
students, and the time was in the afternoon. I think they 
are reliable. Possibly, early in the day the rapidity would 
be greater. Sometimes swarms go so slowly that one can 
keep up with them. At other times they fly so rapidly 
that one needs a good horse to closely follow them. Here 
the rate depends on the queen. 
The legs of worker bees are very strangely modified, 
As they are exceedingly useful in the bee economy, this is 
not strange. We find in the progressive development of 
all animals, that such organs as are most used are most 
