222 MANUAL OF GARDENING 



to Crataegus, of which it is sometimes considered to be a species. 

 It is also sometimes referred to cotoneaster. Although hardy 

 in protected places in the North, it is essentially a bush of the 

 middle and southern latitudes, and of California. It has per- 

 sistent foliage and red berries. Var. Lalandi has orange-red 

 berries (Plate XIX). 



The borders. 



The word "border" is used to designate the heavy or con- 

 tinuous planting about the boundaries of a place, or along the 

 walks and drives, or against the buildings, in distinction from 

 planting on the lawn or in the interior spaces. A border re- 

 ceives different designations, depending on the kinds of plants 

 that are grown therein: it may be a shrub-border, a flower- 

 border, a hardy border for native and other plants, a vine- 

 border, and the like. 



There are three rules for the choosing of plants for a hardy 

 border: choose (1) those that you like best, (2) those that are 

 adapted to the climate and soil, (3) those that are in place or 

 in keeping with that part of the grounds. 



' The earth for the border should be fertile. The whole ground 

 should be plowed or spaded and the plants set irregularly in the 

 space; or the back row may be set in a line. If the border is 

 composed of shrubs, and is large, a horse cultivator may be run 

 in and out between the plants for the first two or three years, 

 since the shrubs will be set 2 to 4 feet apart. Ordinarily, 

 however, the tilling is done with hand tools. After the plants 

 are once established and the border is filled, it is best to dig up 

 as little as possible, for the digging disturbs the roots and breaks 

 the crowns. It is usually best to pull out the weeds and 

 give the border a top-dressing each fall of well-rotted manure. 

 If the ground is not very rich, an appHcation of ashes or some 

 commercial fertilizer may be given from time to time. 



The border should be planted so thick as to allow the plants 



