AND CELEBRATED GARDENS 
public is much obliged for the cultivation of them to the 
anonymous author of ‘ England’s Happiness increased, or a 
Remedy against succeeding Dear Years, by a Plantation of 
Potatoes’ (1664). And he further tells us that “ sallads,” 
carrots, and turnips, and cabbages, were brought over from Holland. 
And we read of pumpkins, garlic, onions and peas. 
‘* Rassins ” (raisins) are said to have formed part of the second 
course of the institution feast of Archbishop Nevil in 1464; if 
this be true, they must have come from abroad. Pippins were 
introduced in 1514, and the ‘ pale gooseberry’ about the same 
time; and so well have we succeeded with the gooseberry, that 
we have come almost to regard it as indigenous. On the other 
hand, though both oranges and figs were certainly known in England 
in the reign of Henry VIII., orange trees have never flourished here 
in the open, nor have fig trees done much better. The two famous 
fig trees mentioned in the account of Lambeth Palace, are descended 
from those planted in the Archiepiscopal garden by Cardinal Pole, 
and were then regarded as “‘ trees of curiosity ” and very carefully 
nurtured. 
It is said that the first mulberry trees were those in the Protector 
Somerset’s garden at Sion, Middlesex, and were doubtless planted 
under the auspices of Dr. Turner, physician to Edward VL., of 
whom I shall have more to say. However, according to others, 
the mulberry was first planted in the gardens at Hatfield. 
It seems to have been James I., and not Queen Elizabeth as 
sometimes supposed, who, with a view to the establishment of 
the silk industry in this country, caused the mulberry tree to be 
planted freely in the South of England. 
That strawberries were common in England in the sixteenth 
century we have Shakespearean authority for stating, for Gloucester 
says in Richard III. : «‘When I was last in Holborn I saw good 
strawberries in your garden there. I dobeseech you send for some 
of them.” But whether Shakespeare was guilty of an anachronism 
in mentioning the fruit as having been grown in this country a 
hundred years earlier, I do not pretend to know. We read of 
peaches, and even citrons, and attempts were made to cultivate the 
grape, but without success. 
An essay on gardening by a certain Thomas Hills, which 
appeared about 1560, shows a distinct advance both in the theory 
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