468 THE LIVING ANIMALS OF THE WORLD 



strange for a bird of prey. Hone_v-bu/.z;irds appear to be exemplary parents, for they are said 

 to construct a bower of leaf)' boughs above the nest to screen the young from the sun, the 

 boughs being replaced as they wither by fresh ones. 



The hone\--bu2zard occurs but rarely in England, and nowhere appears to be a very 

 common bird, though it is said to be more frequently met with in Arabia and Egypt than 

 elsewhere. On migration, however, it appears in unusually large numbers, the late Lord 

 Lilford recording an occasion when he observed many hundreds crossing the Straits of Gibraltar 

 from Spain to Africa. These were apparently on their autumnal migration to warmer winter 

 quarters. 



The dash, energ}-, and courage which we are wont to associate with the Hawk Tribe 

 hax'c certainly not been manifest in the members of the order which we have examined so 

 far; but these attributes will be evident enough in the majority of the species with which 

 we are now about to deal. One of the most interesting of these fiercer forms is the OSPREY, 

 or FiSHlNG-H.WVK. As its name implies, it feeds largely upon fish, which it captures with 

 great dexterity, seizing them either with its feet from the surface of the water, or by plunging 

 entirely beneath the surface, when it disappears amid a shower of spray, to emerge a moment 

 later with a fish writhing in its talons. To ensure a firm grip of its slippery pre}', the soles 

 of its feet are armed with rough tubercles, whilst the foot is furthermore remarkable in that 

 the outer toe can be turned backwards, so as to lie parallel with the hind toe — an arrangement 

 rare in birds of the Hawk Tribe, but characteristic of the Owls and some other birds. At 



times, it would seem, the osprey seizes a fish too large 

 to be raised from the water, when, owing to the firm 

 hold which the claws have taken, the bird is unable 

 to release itself, and is speedily dragged beneath the 

 surface and drowned. Some have suggested that the bird 

 falls a victim, not to inability to free itself, but rather 

 to its obstinacy. 



The osprey is now rare in Great Britain, though it 

 breeds occasionally in the wilder parts of Scotland. It 

 enjo}'s an extensi\'e range, however, being found all over 

 the world. In America it appears to be very common. 

 On an island " off the eastern extremity of Long Island, 

 New York," writes Professor Newton, " 300 nests were 

 counted. The old birds were rearing their young close 

 together, living as peaceably as so many rooks, and 

 were equally harmless to other birds." Colonies of this 

 kind are rare among birds of prey. 



Whilst the fiercer raptorial birds, which hunt and 



kill their prey, live only upon small or medium-sized 



animals, a certain section, known as the Vliltures, feed 



upon the carcases of the largest mammals which they 



find either in the throes of death or already dead, and 



even far advanced in decomposition. Gathering to the 



U * I * '^'^''^^ '" \M-gc crowds, even the largest bodies are soon 



U;.^ / :'i demolished ; and on this account the vultures are to be 



ip I \ < ,^1 reckoned amongst the most useful of birds, speedily 



•■■ ■ removing matter which in hot countries would rapidly 



endanger the health of neighbouring communities. 



Many years ago a great controversy was waged over 

 the question of the faculty which guides the vulture 

 in the discovery of its food, since it was a matter of 

 common knowledge that the traveller might sweep the 



^^^M'^ 



Fh,l„ hy U'. />. Band,, F. '/..:., Kq,,„r, CjfJ 



ECJYPTIAN KITE 



Fading on garbage „f all kind,, kua arc useful bird, 

 in hoc countries 



