STINGING FOUR-WINGED INSECTS 



705 



Fhoto by W. l\ Dando, F.Z.^.] iR.g^nf's Park 



ICHNEUMON-FLY 



0?ie of the largest species of a I'crv extemh'e group of para- 

 sitic insects 



fly hurled to the ground by a mason bee which 



had built her nest in a hole in a wall. The fly 



rolled herself up into a ball, when the bee bit off" 



her wings, and then flew away. But as soon as 



she was gone the wingless fly stretched herself 



out again, and climbed up the wall to the bee's 



nest to deposit her eggs. 



The group of stinging insects begins with 



the Ants, which are probably the most intelligent 



animals now living in the world. Diff"erent species, 



however, differ very much in their manners and 



customs, and in the grade of civilisation to which 



they have attained. Some of the more industrious 



among them keep other insects as cattle, and even 



as pets; others harvest grain, while a few species 



cultivate grain for their own use ; and others make 



large mushroom-beds of comminuted leaves, and 



thus do great harm to cultivated trees in many 



parts of tropical America. When the industrious 



ants are not too busy, they sometimes indulge in 



sports and pastimes. Rut there are some species 



which live in idle communities. Such ants are only 



energetic as marauders, and are so degraded that 



they cannot even feed themselves, and starve to 



death if the}' are deprived of the services of their 



black slaves, which have been carried off as pupa; 



by the others in piratical raids, and brought up by other slaves, which do all the work in the 



nests of their captors. 



Quitting the Ants, we arrive at a rather extensive series of insects of moderate or con- 

 siderable size, and with very spiny legs, called Burrowixg-WASPS. They are brightly coloured, 



active insects, and generally dig holes in the ground, which the}' provision with caterpillars, 



grasshoppers, or spiders, which the}' paralyse with their stings, and leave in a moribund condition 



to form the food of their progeny. They are generally winged in both sexes, but in one family 



the females are stout and very hairy, and look like large hair};" ants, while the males are slender 



winged insects, very unlike their partners. In the burrowing-wasps the front of the thorax, 



or second division of the body, is usually transverse, and often narrow; but in the True ^VASPS 



it bends back to the wings. Among these latter it is onl}' the small group of the Si.iCIAL 



Wasps which are gregarious, and among which we find workers as well as males and females. 



The largest of the British wasps is the HORNET ; but there are several much larger species in 



the East Indies, some of which are black and yellow, like the Chinese AIaxdakix-wasp, the 



largest of all, which often measures 2 inches across the 

 wings. Others are black, with one large reddish band on 

 the abdomen. Their nests, which the\' construct of a kind 

 of paper, are formed in a hole in the ground, in a 

 hollow tree, or in a bush, or under the ca\'cs of a house. 

 A nest is commenced by a single female which has survived 

 the winter, and is afterwards enlarged by the exertions of 

 her progeny. 



The last group in this order are the Bees. They 

 may generally be easily recognised by their shaggy bodies 

 and legs. As with the Wasps, most species are solitary, 

 or live in very small communities. Some few are smooth, 



\ 



Phol,, hy iV. P. Dandt, F.Z.S. 



RUBY-TAILED WOOD-ANT 

 FLY 



Gcneraliy of a br illiant 

 metallic green or blue 



The largest species 

 found in Britain 



89 



