162 MANUAL OP PACK TEANSPOETATION. 



In a country where grass burs occur, see that none are on the 

 animal's back or belly before putting on the aparejo. 



TRAVELING. 



Sec. 122. In warm climates, avoid traveling during the heat of the 

 day. On the other hand, avoid making two marches in one day. It 

 is better to do the day's work, if possible, and then go into camp. 



In ordinary flat or undulating country, hourly halts are not neces- 

 sary for pack trains. It is better to complete the day's march quickly, 

 and get the loads and aparejos off the animals. 



In mountainous country, however, halts should be made as oppor- 

 tunity offers, to rest the animals and secure the loads. 



If the animals show the inclination, allow them to drink when 

 opportunity occurs. They travel better in consequence. 



On dark nights, when following a command, trust to the sense 

 of smell of the riding animals. They will rarely leave the trail, 

 the sense of smell guiding them more truly than sight. The animals, 

 too, are more solicitous of keeping the trail at night than in the 

 day. ^ 



Never adjust an animal's load while his head- is uphill; always 

 face him downhill. 



During night travel, keep the animals within hearing distance of 

 the bell. 



Desiring to surprise an enemy, muffle the bell with a handkerchief, 

 allowing a faint sound, if necessary. 



In fording streams, do not permit the animals either to bunch up 

 or to straggle out. After the bell horse has crossed the ford, rattle 

 the bell, to encourage timid animals. 



If in fording a stream a laden mule falls, cut the "standing rope" 

 of the lashing, so as to free the load in case this becomes necessary in 

 order to save the life of the animal. 



A similar course may be pursued when an animal loses his foot- 

 ing on a mountain side. 



Pack masters should always be provided with a heavy hunting 

 knife for the purpose. 



In traveling through dry and desert countries, two 10-gallon casks 

 of water should be carried in a pack train. It will be found, how- 

 ever, that if available, canned tomatoes are a good substitute and 

 quench the thirst better than a small allowance of water. 



When expecting a dry march, do not eat beans or salted meats for 

 the morning meal. 



The "bell" horse should not be ridden. 



CAMPING. 



Sec. 123. In camping avoid low and swampy ground. 



Always camp on the farther side of a stream in the direction of 

 travel. 



Do not camp in a "box" canyon, i. e., one which has but one prac- 

 tical outlet. 



On getting into camp it is not necessary, as sometimes held, to 

 loosen the aparejos and allow them to remain for half an hour or so 



