34 Vineyard Culture. 



licult to make an average of eighteen inches, honestly meas- 

 ured, on the land-side, from the natural surface, for the plowed 

 soil will look much higher and measure deeper, at first.^ 

 These teams and plows will pulverize one third of an acre 

 per diem. 



This work will cost, say — 

 For two men and six oxen, per diem, - - 8 6 50 

 The same, three days, for one acre, - - 19 5° 



It is very important in all these implements, to avoid fric- 

 tion, as much as possible, by haying the joints well fitted, the 

 cutting edges sharp, and the mold-boards of the most perfect 

 pattern, and made of the best steel, highly wrought and pol- 

 ished. 



The share of the lifter should be very slightly convex up- 

 ward, it need not be more than two inches higher at the cen- 

 ter than at the edges, and there should be a counter-sunk space 

 on the under side for the nuts that keep it attached to the 

 sheath and supporter. This attachment was formerly made by 

 riveting, but should be by tap and screws. 



Some very good work has been done in this country upon 

 the plan suggested by Mr. Du Breuil, of having a gang of 

 hands with spades, to turn up, or simply to disintegrate the 

 third or lower layer of soil. This may be desirable when 

 there are stones to interrupt the subsoil plow, but the scarcity 

 of hands and the high price of labor, induce most of us to 

 prefer the oxen and a good steel subsoil-lifter.] 



fVaste, Uncultivated or Swamp Lands, accessible to the 

 Plow. — These lands must first be cleared of the un- 

 dergrowth which covers them and would impede the 

 work. The largest of this underwood, the roots of 

 which would stop the plow, must be grubbed up, and 

 may be turned over to the men in part payment of wages. 

 The lighter brush must be cut close to the ground, and 

 laid in lines parallel to the furrows ; these lines must 



