§ 190. AMIDES; AMANITINE, ETC. 205 



glaud'oe, see Probst ;i fumarine, see Pommier, Hannon, and 

 Prenss;2 gdsemine, see Eobbins' (cf. §§ 55, 171); hydraMine, 

 see Perrins;'* jurubebme, see G-reehe;' loUiirine, see § 168; rmni- 

 spermine and paramenispermine, see Szteyner;^ oleandrine, see 

 Leukowsky ;'^ oxyacanthine, see Polex;* ^«We<i«nne (punlcine), see 

 Tanret." 



Fereirine, see Goos.^* It dissolves ■with purple colour in nitric 

 acid. 



Sparteine, see Mills (cf. § 55);" taxine, see Marm6 (cf. §§ 55, 

 171 j ;^^ lycopodme,'^^ mipharine.^* 



§ 190. Amides. — The following are amides of less complex 

 constitution occasionally met with in plants : 



Amanitine, which may be distinguished from muscarine by the 

 propertiies of the gold salt (§ 183) and by the negative results 

 of physiological experiments. 15 It is isomeric, but not identical 

 with choline (neurine, siiikaliiie), and is converted' into muscarine 

 by the action of nitric acid, whereas, under similar conditions, 

 choline yields hetoime (= butylalanine .and oxynenrine). Musca- 

 rine differs from betainein being more powerfully alkaline, i* 



^ Annal. d. Chem. und Fhaim. xxix. 120, zxxi. 250, 1838 (Amer. Jonm, 

 Fhann. zxxiii. 9). 



^ N. Kepert. f.. Fharm. iL 469, 1853 ; Vierteljahresschr. f. pract. Phanu. 

 iii. 68, 1852; Zeitschr. f. Chem. ii. 414, 1866. 



' Jahresb. f. Pharm. 152, 1876 (Amer. Jonm. Pharm. 191, 1876). Bobbins 

 identified the so-called gelsemio acid with aescolin. 



^ Pharm. Jovim. and Trans, [21 iii. 546, 1862. See also Mahla, Jonm. f. 

 pract. Chem. xci. 248 ; Prescott, Amer. Jonm. Pharm. xlvii. 481, 1875 ; 

 Hale, ibid. 247. 



6 Amer. Journ. Pharm. xlix. 506, 1877. 



« Jahresb. f. Pharm. 141, 1878. 



' Ibid. xlvi. 397. 



' Aichiv d. Pharm. fl], vi. 271, 1824 (Amer. Jonm. Pharm. xxxiii. 455). 



' Journ. de Pharm. et de Chimie, xxviii. 168, 1878 (Pharm. Jonm. and 

 Trans. [3], ix. 450). 



10 Chem. Centralblatt, 610, 1839. Compare also Peretti, Joum. de Chim. 

 med. .xxvi. 162. 



" Aiinal. d. Chem. und Pharm. cxxv. 71, 1862. 



^2 Jahresb. f. Pharm. 93, 1876 ; compare also 636, 1878 (Pharm. Joum. and 

 Trans. [3], 893, 1877). 



^* Annal. d.'Chem. und Pharm. ccviii. 363, 1881 (Pharm. Journ. and Trans. 

 [3], xii. 280, 1881). 



" Griining, loe. cit. 



"" Compare Schmiedeberg, Ber. d. d. chem. Ges. iv. 693, 1871, and Hamack, 

 toe. cit. (Pharm. Joum. and Trans. [2], xi. 365, 1869). 



16 PorbetaJne see Scheibler, Ber. d. d. chem. Ges. ii. 292, 296, 1869 ; identity 

 with oxyneurine, ibid. iii. 155 ; with lycine see Husemaun, Schweiz. 



