SKELETON. 117 
the phalanges. These separate parts are included in the accompany- 
ing table, in which the terms given to the separate elements of the wrist 
and ankle of man are included. 
Fore Lime (arm) Hinp Luvs (LEG) 
Upper arm (Branchium) Humerus =Femur Thigh 
2 Radius = Tibia i Shank 
Fore arm (Antebrachium { Ulna =Fibula { Crus) 
( Naviculare Radiale = Tibiale Astragalus 
(Scaphoid) (Talus) 
Lunatum Intermedium = Intermedium 
Triquetrum Ulnare = Tibiale Calcaneus 
Centrale!+? =Centrale'+? Naviculare 
; Pisiforme pedis Basi 
Basi- (Scaphoid) : 
podium )° Multangulum podium 
Wrist : : Ankle 
majus Carpale!=Tarsale! Cuneiform? (Parsus) 
(Carpus) (Trapezium) a 
Multangulum 
minus Carpale? = Tarsale? Cuneiform? 
(Trapezoides) 
Capitatum Carpale*® = Tarsale® Cuneiform? 
, (em 4 
Hamatum ciel nenempuiges Cuboides 
Carpale’=Tarsale® 
Palm (Meta 
(Metapo- Metacarpale!—5 = Metatarsale!—* or Instep 
, dium) 
dium) 
Fingers (Phalanges) Digits'—° = Digits!—* (Phalanges) Toes 
The basal podial region, which is nearly typical in some reptiles, 
urodeles and man, consists of three rows of bones, a proximal of three 
bones, a radiale or tibiale on the anterior side, an ulnare or fibulare 
on the other, and an intermedium between them. The distal row 
consists of five carpales or tarsales, numbered from the anterior side. 
The third row is composed of one or two centrales between the other 
rows. The metapodials and the digits, also numbered from one to 
five, have, in some cases special names, the thumb (digit I) being 
the pollex, the corresponding great toe being the hallux, the fifth 
digit being called minimus. 
From this typical condition all forms—legs, arms, wings—are 
derived by modification, fusion and disappearance of parts. The 
more distal a part the more variable it is; reduction takes place on the 
margins of the appendage, the axial portions being the last to disappear. 
Occasionally in various groups (amphibia, mammals) there occur what 
