16 



TOPOGRAPHY OF THE BODY. 



liar]y ornamented with feathers of different texture or structure from those 

 of the general plumage ; but an instance of this is seen in our Lewis' wood- 

 pecker. The uotteiim, on the contrary, is often the seat of extraordinary 

 development of feathers, either in size, shape or texture; as the singularly 

 elegant plumes of the herons. Individual feathers of the not?eum are 

 generally pennaceous (§ 4), iu greatest part straight and lanceolate; and 



Fig. 4. 



- Topoprraphy of a Bird. 



1, forehead (frons). 2, lore. 3, circumocular region. 

 4, crown (veriex). 5, eye. 6, liind lie;id {occiput). 7, 

 nape {nucha). 8, liiiid neck (cervix). 9, side of neck. 

 10. interscapular region. 13, dorsum, or back proper, in- 

 clmllnj; 10. 12, 7iofii;nm, or upper part of body proper, 

 including 10, 11. and 13. 13, rump {iiropi/gium). 14. upper 

 tail coverts, l■^, tail. 16, under tail coverts. 17, tarsus. 

 18, abdomen. 19, liind toe {hallux). 20, f/asir.vum, includ- 

 ing 18 and 24. 21, outer or fourtii toe. 22, middle or third 

 toe. 23, side of tlie body. 24. breast {pectus). 25. prima- 

 ries. 26, secondaries. 27, tertiaries; nos. 25, 26, 27 are all 



remiges. 28, primary coverts. 29. alula., or bastard whig. 

 30, greater coverts. 31, median coverts. 32, lessei" coverts. 

 33, the "throat," including 34, 37,38. S^,ju(fulum or lower 

 tliroat. 35, auricultirs. 36, malar region. 37, gula, or mid- 

 dle throiit. 3S, inentirm, or clun. 39, angle of commis- 

 sure, or corner of month. 40, ramus of under mandible. 

 41, side of under ntandible. 42, gonys. 43, o^jex, or tip of 

 bill. 44, ioniia. or cutting edges ot the bill. 45. culmen., 

 or rid.i:e oT ujiiter ni;ni(lible, corresponding to gonys. 4(5, 

 side of npprr mnndibh'. 47, nostril. 48 passes across the 

 bill a lillle iu front of its base. 



as a whole they lie smoothly imbricated (like shingles on a roof). The 

 gastrasal feathers are more largely plumulaceous (§ 4 ), less flat and imbri- 

 cated, but even more compact, that is, thicker, than those of the upper 

 jDarts; especially among water birds, where the,y are all more or less curly, 

 and very thickset. There are subdivisions of the 



§ 38. NoTJ^UM. Beginning where the neck ends, and ending where the 

 tail coverts begin, this part of the bird is divided into back (Lat. dorsum; 

 fig. 4, 11) and rump (L. uro2)]/ginm fig. 4, is). These are direct continuations 

 of each other, and their limits arc not precisely defined. The feathers of 

 both are on the pterj/la dorsalis (§ 8, 6). In general, we may say that the 

 anterior two-thirds or three-quarters of uotajum is back, and the rest rump. 

 With the former are generally included the scapular feathers, or scapulars: 

 these are they that grow on the pteryloB humerales (§ 8, b) : the region of 



