20 TOPOGEAPHY OF THE HEAD. 



much all the space betwixt the eye and the sides of the base of the upper 

 maudible (§ 44). Thus, we say of a hawk, "lores bristly;" and examina- 

 tion of a bird of that kind will show how large a space is covered by the 

 term. Lore, however, should properly be restricted to a narrow line 

 between the eye and bill in the direction of the nostrils. It is excellently 

 s'hown in the heron and grebe families, where "naked lores" is a distinctive 

 family character. The lore is au important pkce, not only from being thus 

 marked in many birds, but from being frequently the seat of specially 

 modified or specially colored feathers. The rest of the side of the head, 

 including the space between angle of jaw and bill, has the name of clieelc 

 (L. gena, firstly eyelid, then, and generally, the prominence under the eye 

 formed by the cheek-bones ; fig. 4, as). It is bounded above by lore, infra- 

 orbital, and auricular; below, by a more or less straight line, representing 

 the lower edge of the bony prong of the under mandible (§44). It is 

 cleft in front for a varying distance by the backward extension of the gape 

 of the mouth ; above this gape is more properly gena, or malar region in 

 strictness; below it is. jaiu (maxilla), or rather "side of the jaw." The 

 lower edge of the jaw definitely separates the side of the head from the 



(c). "Under surface" of the head ; properly bounded behind by an imag- 

 inary line drawn straight across from one angle of the jaw to the other, and 

 running forward to a point between the forks of the under mandible (§ 44). 

 As already hinted, "throat" (gula ; fig. 4, 37) extends upward and forward 

 into this space without obvious dividing line ; it runs into chin (L. mentum; 

 fig. 4, 38) of which it is only to be said, that it is the (varying in extent) 

 anterior part of the under surface of the head. Anteriorly, it may be con- 

 veniently marked off", opposite tiie point where the feathers end on the side 

 of the lower jaw, from the feathery space (when any) between the branches 

 of the under mandil)lo itself; this latter space is called the interramal (L. 

 inter, between, ramus, fork). 



(d). The head is so often marked lengthwise with different colors, apt to 

 take such definite position, that these lines have received special names. 

 Median vertical line is one along the middle of pilcum, from base of culmen 

 (§ 50) to nucha; lateral vertical lines bound it on either side. Superciliary 

 line has just been noticed; below it runs the lateral strij[je; that part of it 

 before the c\e, is loral or ante-orbital; behind the eye, post-orbital; when 

 these are continuous through the eye, they form a transocular line; below 

 this is malar line, cheek-stripe, or frenum; below this, on the under jaw, 

 maxillary line; in the middle below, mental or gular lines. The lines are 

 strij)es (L.plagce) when narrow and distinct, like the welt of a whip-lash; 

 streaks (striae) Avhcn narrow and somewhat erratic; and viitoi or/a.sc/ce when 

 quite broad, as is particularlj^ likely to be the case Avith the eye-liue.* 



*I had thought of a section onpatteriis of coloration i2?lctura'), hut the attempt to reduce birds' infinitely 

 varied colors to generalized formulas would take too much space. I may add, however, conveniently in 

 this connection, the following: Considerable areas of color take name from the jiarts they occupy, down 

 to what maybe called variegations. These are produced in two ways: (1) by insensible change of colors, either 

 in fading into lighter, or shading into darker tints of the same; as an indefinite brown into black, gray or 



