74 Veterinary Medicine. 



lar or glandular. Again in horses it is not infrequently a result 

 of the hibernation form of the oestrus (bot) attached to the 

 delicate pharyngeal mucosa, and in cattle from the extension of 

 the chronic summer catarrh, or from the local development of 

 tubercle or actinomycosis in the walls of the pharynx or in the 

 adjacent lymph glands. Horses of a soft, lymphatic constitution, 

 with a heavy coat, confined in close warm stalls, and which per- 

 spire abundantly are especially liable to the affection. It may 

 also be an accompaniment and result of chronic gastric indiges- 

 tion. In swine the affection is commonly associated with tonsilitis. 



Symptoms. In many cases the main symptom is a chronic 

 cough which is aroused by any cause of irritation, feed, especially 

 dry or fibrous fodder, cold drinking water, sudden passing from 

 the hot stable to the cold outer air, reining in, pressure on the 

 throat, or sudden active exertion. If the cartilages are calcified 

 it may be impossible to rouse the cough by pressure. The 

 cough is often dry and wheezy, rather than soft and gurgling as 

 in the second stage of acute pharyngitis, and is repeated several 

 times paroxysmally. In the intervals there is more or less stertor 

 or wheezing, or a distinct rattle especially when the neck is 

 curved by drawing the nose inward. Deglutition may be inter- 

 fered with but this shows most with the first swallow, which in 

 the case of liquids may be returned through the nose, whereas 

 those that follow go down without difficulty. A lateral swelling 

 of the parts above the larynx or a bulging of the parotids is not 

 uncommon. Discharge from the nose of a mucopurulent char- 

 acter is usually present, but often so scanty as to be overlooked. 

 There is usually loss of flesh and lack of vigor even if the sub- 

 ject is well fed. 



Lesions. In the simple catarrhal form the mucous membrane 

 of the lateral pharyngeal walls, the posterior pillars of the palate 

 and the back of the soft palate, is red, congested, with arbores- 

 cent vessels, thickening, and puckering into rugae. The epithe- 

 lium has lost its translucency, become opaque and granular, and 

 its desquamation in spots and patches may leave erosions, ulcers 

 more or less deep, and white drawn cicatrices. When the folli- 

 cles and mucous crypts are involved (follicular) they stand out 

 like millet seed, peas or beans, and may show ulceration or 

 minute abscess. In pigs especially, tonsilitis is liable to be 



