Diaphragmatocele — Diaphragmatic Hernia — Phrenic Hernia. 367 



intestines may be snared, and sometimes swelling at its free end 

 to form a pedunculated tumor, and winding around a loop of 

 intestine so as to strangle it. For these conditions incision of the 

 abdominal wall and section of the offending cord are recom- 

 mended. 



3rd Form. Lobbe tells us that the disease is common in 

 bulls as well as oxen in mountainous regions, being determined 

 by violent exertions, or by the struggle to rise, when the animal 

 has accidently fallen. In this alleged form there is the sugges- 

 tion of the heavy pendent testicles as factors in detaching the 

 cord with its vessels and nerves from the abnominal wall, so as 

 to form a loop or snare for the intestine. 



DIAPHRAGMATOCELE. DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA. 

 PHRENIC HERNIA. 



Definition. Susceptibility by genera, horse, dog, ox Enterocele, epi- 

 plocele, gastrocele, hepatocele. Congenital, arrest of development and of 

 closure of foramen or elsewhere, diaphragm absent. Traumatic, blows on 

 false ribs by pole, shaft, buffer, gate, bars, beams, kicks, blows with horns, 

 tusks, clubs, fractured rib perforating diaphragm, falls on projecting bodies, 

 muscular strains in draught, plunging, falling, slipping, casting, parturi- 

 tion ; trotting or galloping down hill, jumping to lower level, slipping to 

 knees, dystokia, colic, tympany. Symptoms : extreme dyspnoea and as- 

 phyxia ; or difficult breathing slowly increasing, colics, dilated nostrils, 

 retracted angle of mouth, projecting eyeballs, shallow, rapid catching respi- 

 rations, gurgling in chest, drumlike percussion sounds, with perhaps flat 

 areas ; in slight cases, listlessness, colics, double lift of flank, tender inter- 

 costals ; in chronic cases, short wind on exertion, sluggishness, colics after 

 meals. Hernia through intercostal space. Lesions : unduly large foramen 

 sinistrum or dextrum, lacerations of all forms and sizes, edges ragged, 

 thickened, bloody, broken rib, inflated stomach causes shreddy tear ; post 

 mortem lacerations show no inflammatory products ; chronic cases have 

 edges devoid of inflammation and often smooth, serosa; usually perforated, 

 nature of hernial mass, omentum, intestine, colon, caecum, stomach, spleen, 

 liver, congestion of viscera involved. Prognosis : slight cases may survive, 

 to be fattened or to breed, but are useless for work. Treatment : quiet, 

 sedatives, antiferments, cathartic, concentrated food, lift by fore limbs, 

 incline stall backward and downward, laparotomy in cattle, dogs, and 

 swine. 



As this lesion is shown by symptoms referable to internal or- 



