SECONDARY OR REMOTE RESULTS OF LJVER 

 DISEASE. 



In gout : Arrest of oxidation of proteids into urea. Deposits of biurate 

 of lime on joints, and other disorders. Urinary calculi containing urates, 

 cystine, zanthine, etc., also from imperfect oxidation of albuminoids. Ox- 

 alic acid represents a similar arrest. Kidney degenerations from irritating 

 urates and oxalates. Fatty kidney from excessive glycogenesis. Digestive 

 disorders from excess or deficiency of bile or torpid liver. Nervous disor- 

 ders, dullness, lameness, vertigo, spasms, irritability from hepatic inactivity 

 and resulting poisons. Sore throat and bronchitis from hepatic derange- 

 ment. Skin eruptions in tardy or imperfect action of the liver. Treat- 

 ment : Abundant water, succulent vegetables, ensilage, fresh grains, bal- 

 anced ration, in cariiivora and omnivora oat meal, buttermilk, clear meat 

 juice, avoid sweets, gravies, spiced animal food. Dangers for pampered 

 horses, dogs, and old improved meat producing animals. Open air exer- 

 cise. Laxatives with alkalies, salines, mercurous and mercuric chloride, 

 pilocarpin, chlorides, iodides, bromides, nitro-muriatic acid, ipecacuan, 

 euonymus, bitters. 



Among the many secondary results of hepatic disorder, and 

 which are habitually described as affections of other organs a few 

 may be mentioned as indicating the wide range of influence 

 exercised by the liver in disease as well as in health. 



Gout as it appears in fowls and omnivora is directly due to the 

 arrest of the transformation of the albuminoids into urea. Cir- 

 culating in the system in the form of the less perfectly oxidized 

 and less soluble uric acid, it determines deposits of biurate of lime 

 around the joints, with local inflammations and disorders of 

 circulation and innervation, and altered spirit, temper, etc. 



Urinary calculi in the same animals, are composed largely of 

 urate of lime, cystine, xanthine and other nitrogenous products 

 representing various stages of oxidation short of the final transi- 

 tion into urea and ammonia. Recognizing the active r61e which 

 the urinary bacteria fill in this respect we must still acknowledge 

 the great importance, as causative agents, of an excess in the 

 urine of these comparatively insoluble products. 



The oxalic acid found in certain calculi points in the same 

 direction, as this acid, both in the body and in the laboratory, 

 is found to result from the oxidation of uric acid (Wohler, 

 Schenck, Hutchinson). 

 438 



