Hcsmoglobincemia. — Azotemia, Etc. 459 



In rapidly fatal cases they may appear normal. There may be 

 enlargement of the kidneys with softening and granular degen- 

 eration of the renal epithelium in cases that survive for some 

 days. 



The bladder contains dark brown or red glairy urine of a high 

 density and loaded with urea, haemoglobin, etc. 



The terminal portion of the spinal cord and the lumbo-sacral 

 plexus, or some of its branches, are sometimes blood stained, or 

 the seat of an exudate or surrounded by one. 



Symptoms. In the regular type of hsemoglobinsemia in the 

 horse the history of the attack is highly significant. The subject 

 is in good working condition, he may be fat, or lean, but in either 

 case the muscles are firm and well developed, diet has been 

 liberal, embracing a large proportion of albuminoids, work has 

 been constant up to within a day or two preceding the attack, 

 when the animal has been left absolutely idle in the stall without 

 any reduction of feed. Then finally it has been suddenly sub- 

 jected to active exertion which demands vigorous muscular move- 

 ment, and above all activity of the respiratory muscles and the 

 heart. This exertion usually consists in riding under the saddle 

 or going in harness, but may attend on casting in the stall, 

 lounging in a ring, or in a playful run when suddenly set at 

 liberty. 



Severe Cases. The attack comes on early in the course of 

 such exercise. The patient may not have gone more than one 

 hundred yards from the stable or he may have traveled for half 

 an hour or an hour, but the disease rarely shows itself after a 

 longer period of work. 



The horse which left the stable full of life and spirit, suddenly 

 flags and hangs on the bit, the ears or head may drop, and one 

 or more limbs usually the hind ones, are moved stiffly and awk- 

 wardly, or even stagger. He knuckles over at the fetlocks, 

 drags the toes on the ground, flexes the joints imperfectly, the 

 muscles appearing to be rigid and uncontrollable, or he crouches, 

 the joints remaining semi-flexed the animal in vain attempting to 

 extend them. The patient trembles violently, sweats profusely, 

 breathes deeply and rapidly and assumes a pinched, anxious, 

 agonized expression of countenance. The heart beats tumult- 

 ously, the pulse (in 84 per cent. Friedberger and Prohner) is 



