488 Veterinary Medicine. 



familiar cryptogam is equally harmless under all circumstances. 

 The soda extract of the poisonous lupins was deadly though it 

 contained no cryptogams, but it is not shown that it was free from 

 soluble chemical products (toxins) of the cryptogams. The same 

 remark applies with equal force to the bacteria which have been 

 invoked as the cause of the poisons. Though not themselves 

 present in a given deadly extract of the lupins this does not ex- 

 clude from such extract the toxic products of bacterial growth. 

 It is claimed that Arnold has produced lupinosis with lupins that 

 had been first robbed of their alkaloids. But the absence of alka- 

 loids does not prove the absence of nonbasic (neutral) poisons, 

 of vegetable, cryptogamic or bacterial origin. 



That certain lupins contain a deadly poison is certified, but the 

 precise source of the poison remains to be demonstrated. 



In estimating causes we must take into account the lessened 

 power of resistance of animals lacking in constitutional strength 

 and vigor. Thus sheep suffer far more severely than horses, 

 oxen, or even goats. Ewes and lambs perish in greater numbers 

 than rams, hoggets and wethers. 



Symptoms in sheep. In the acute form the disease appears 

 suddenly, as manifested by anorexia, hyperthermia, rapid and 

 oppressed breathing, accelerated pulse, stupor, vertigo, and not 

 unfrequently swellings of lips, ears or face. Inappetence may be 

 first manifested by the rejection of poisonous lupins, while sound 

 ones and especially other food are still eaten, but soon all are re- 

 fused alike. Temperature, which may reach 104° to 106 F. on 

 the next day after feeding on the poison, may rise and fall day 

 by day, and finally fall materially as a herald of death. Respiration 

 rises to 100 per minute and becomes labored or panting, with, in 

 some cases, a bloody froth in the nostrils. The pulse rising to 

 130 and upwards keeps pace with the hyperthermia and general 

 excitement. Vertigo is shown in the staggering gait when 

 moved, and by a tendency to steady by resting the head on the 

 trough, rack, fence or ground. The recumbent position is often 

 preferred, the head being extended on the ground, and the animal 

 remaining oblivious to all efforts to raise him— even to blows. 

 Sometimes there is stupor, and at others hypersesthesia, or indi- 

 cations of fear, There is grinding of the teeth, and sometimes 

 trismus (Schiitz, Kotelman). 



