498 Veterinary Medicine. 



tion (Zundel), glander neoplasms (Mathis), tubercles, angiomata 

 (Trasbot), microbian infection (Stubbe), tumors (Briickmiiller). 



In the horse predisposing conditions may be found in diseases 

 of the liver, heart or lungs, in embolism of the hepatic artery 

 (Wright), in obstruction of the portal vein (Pierre), in infarction 

 of the liver, in degeneration with softening, in sarcomatous, 

 melanotic, glanderous or cancerous deposits in its substance, in 

 degenerations consequent on over feeding, idleness, congestions, 

 on the penetration of husks of grains into the liver substance, on 

 arsenical or phosphorus poisoning. The presence of flukes, 

 echinococci and other parasites may also cause congestion and 

 softening. To the immediate or traumatic causes above named 

 may be added the violent movements attendant on a severe attack 

 of colic, and violent exertions in running, draught, leaping, etc. 

 (Friend). 



In the dog we must recognize all the pampering conditions 

 which predispose to congestion and degeneration, together with 

 the more direct operation of kicks, blows, falls, fights, overexer- 

 tion, etc. 



In cattle a forcing regimen is especially predisposing, and yet 

 the loss of vigor resulting from a diametrically opposite treatment, 

 must be accepted as an occasional cause. Stubbe found in emaci- 

 ated cows miliary hemorrhagic infarcts of a dark red color which 

 gradually extended to an inch or more in diameter. These he 

 traced to microbian infection coming by way of the chronic intes- 

 tinal lesions which are common in old cows. The final result of 

 such infarctions was loss of hepatic substance and the formation 

 of cicatricial tissue with a marked depression on the surface of the 

 organ. 



In birds fatal hepatic hemorrhages occur in connection with 

 local tubercle (Cadiot), tseniasis of the liver, or microbian infec- 

 tion. 



Lesions. The hemorrhage may take place into the substance 

 of the liv'er only, or the capsule may be lacerated so that the 

 blood escapes into the peritoneal cavity in considerable quantity. 



In the horse it usually occurs in the right or middle lobe, rarely 

 in the left. There may be one or more hemorrhagic effusions 

 varying in size from a cherry to a duck's egg, or even an infants' 

 head (L,orge.). This projects from the surface of the organ and 



