536 Veterinary Medicine. 



bile. The contents of the distended ducts and bladder are vari- 

 able. They may have the color (yellow, green) and consistency 

 of bile ; they may be thick, dense and albuminous ; they may be 

 thin and serous from inflammatory or dropsical exudation ; they 

 may be granular, or purulent. 



Though there is no gall bladder, in the soliped, a similar con- 

 dition of the biliary ducts may be produced in the same way. 



According to the degree of obstruction there may be more or 

 less acute symptoms of biliary colic, icterus, marasmus, poisoning 

 by bile acids, etc. 



Treatment must be directed toward the removal of the special 

 cause of dilatation. 



DOUBLE GALL-BLADDER. 



As a congenital formation the gall bladder is sometimes divided 

 into two at its fundus, and in other cases the division extends 

 throughout, forming two complete sacs. This has been found in 

 the sheep, cat, ox (Gurlt, Goubaux) and pig (Goubaux). Such 

 a redundancy does not interfere with normal functions. 



CHOLELITHIASIS. BILIARY CALCULI. GALLSTONES. 



In ruminants, omnivora, and caruivora, less often in horse, 1 to 1000, or 

 more, biliary sand 10 marble or more, casts ; nucleus, bile pigment, blood 

 mucus, etc., with concentric layers of cholesteriue, pigment, salts and lime. 

 Causes : idleness, overfeeding, dry feeding, thickening of bile, colloids, 

 bacteria, wintering in stable. Colloids induce globular deposits. Parasites. 

 Inflamed biliary epithelium secretes excess of cholesteriue and lime. Age. 

 Acid bile, constipation. Diseased liver. Lack of bile salts. In solipeds : 

 all sizes and numbers, green, brown, yellow or white. Liver disease. 

 Symptoms : colic with depression, prostration, yellow or red urine, icterus, 

 sudden recovery. Treatment : sulphate of soda, olive oil, antispasmodics, 

 warm drinks, fomentations, salicylate of soda, chloroform, pasture, or suc- 

 culent food, and open air exercise. In cattle : musk odor ; calculi dark 

 green, yellowish green, whitish or orange,, dry red, all sizes and numbers. 

 Causes : dry winter feeding, etc. Lesions : dilated bilary ducts and blad- 



