THE PHYLLOXERA 293 



"The sedentary members are wingless and live on 

 the roots. All lay eggs and are followed by several 

 generations likewise capable of laying eggs. Under 

 the pricking of their collective suckers, numberless 

 in the aggregate, vineyards are ruined. There we 

 have the formidable foe, the ravager whose sucker, 

 hardly visible to the naked eye, has already cost us 

 more than ten milliard francs. 



"The migrating members are furnished with large 

 wings. They live on the leaves and lay each a small 

 number of eggs in the down of the buds. Like their 

 sedentary kinsfolk, they all lay eggs. Their peculiar 

 office is to disseminate the race from one vineyard to 

 another. 



"The members endowed with sex come under the 

 operation of the general law : they are divided into 

 male and female. Unprovided with wings, sucker, 

 or stomach, they wander over the vine without tak- 

 ing any nourishment. Each mother lays a single 

 egg, the winter egg, whence issues in the spring a 

 sedentary phylloxera, which makes its way down to 

 the roots, establishes itself there, and becomes the 

 head and center of a new colony. 



"How contend against this foe which, by reason 

 of its numbers and its underground abode, defies our 

 attempts to exterminate it? Three principal meth- 

 ods are employed. In the lowlands the vineyards 

 are flooded and kept under a good depth of water 

 throughout the winter. This submersion causes the 

 death of the phylloxera at the roots of the plant. As 

 a second method, through holes bored to the roots 



