38 STUDIES OF PLANT LIFE. 
Do they vary in size? Ifso, where? Why? 
What is the method of veining (venation) ? 
Compare the two surfaces as to color, smoothness, 
and presence of hair. 
6. What is their arrangement? Why? 
7. Are there any leaf modifications? If so, what, 
where, and why ? 
8. Draw an entire leaf and designate its parts, also 
two or more internodes of the stem, showing its 
surface characters and the leaf attachments. 
or g9 
C. The Reproductive Shoots. (Flowers.) 
1. Are the flowers solitary or in clusters? If the latter, 
what is their arrangement (inflorescence) ? 
2. Is an individual flower sessile or stalked? Why? 
3. The stalk of a solitary flower and the main axis of a 
cluster are peduncles. The stalk of an individual 
flower in a cluster is a pedicel. Which is present? 
4. Are modified leaves (bracts) found at the base of 
the peduncles or pedicels? 
5. The floral envelope consists of an outer series 
(sepals) and an inner series (petals). The essen- 
tial parts are the stamens situated next within, 
and in the center, one or more pistils each con- 
sisting of one or more carpels. 
6. Does each flower contain stamens and pistils? If 
so, they are perfect. But if not, are the imperfect 
flowers on the same or different plants? Why? 
7. Study the number, form, color, and arrangement 
of the floral envelopes. Are any or all of these 
parts separate or united? Are the sepals and 
petals respectively alike in form and place of at- 
tachment? If not, what are the modifications ? 
