GEOLOGY 
is given in his work, Man, the Primeval Savage (1894). Caddington 
lies nearly at the head of a dry valley which must have been excavated 
by a stream at one time flowing past Kinsbourne Green, Harpenden, 
and Sandridge, between the valleys of the Ver and Lea, and joining 
the Colne near Wilkins Green about midway between St. Albans and 
Hatfield, a distance, measured along the windings of the present valley, 
of 14 miles. This valley commenced in a swamp, outlying portions 
of which may have drained into the Lea on the east and the Ver on 
the west. Boulder clay then covered the hills; only one patch of it 
has been left in position within a mile of Caddington, but its former 
presence elsewhere in this district is proved by the occurrence of a clay- 
stained Gryphea and ice-scratched flints which must have been washed 
out of it, and by seams of the boulder clay itself which have been 
carried down to the horizon of the swamp. Close to the village ‘an 
ancient chalk valley, filled in with water-laid brick-earth . . . serpen- 
tine on plan, as if made by a brook, has been followed in its curved 
course, and dug out by the brickmakers for theclay.’ This appears to 
have led into the present dry valley of Ailey Green which joins the valley 
of the Ver at Friars Wash. 
The brickfields at Caddington are in loam or brick-earth overlying 
the Chalk, and it isin these that Mr. Worthington Smith has discovered 
a Paleolithic floor or old land-surface on which primeval man lived 
near a shallow lake or swamp on the margin of which he established a 
manufactory of tools and weapons of flint. The heaps of flints have 
been found which were gathered together for the purpose, the finished 
and unfinished implements, and the flakes which have been struck off 
them, and Mr. Smith has pieced together the implements and flakes and 
built up the original flint. Many of these are described and illustrated 
in his work, in which he says that his Caddington reattachments then 
numbered over five hundred. 
The Paleolithic workshops at Caddington are some feet beneath 
the present surface of the ground. The brick-earth in which they lie 
is mixed in places with Reading and other Tertiary clays and pebbles 
which have been washed into it from an old land-surface, and it fre- 
quently shows evidence of strong current-action, while around are patches 
of re-deposited chalk-with-flints and long stretches of red clay-with-flints, 
chiefly on the higher ground. In one section one workshop was seen a 
few feet above another, the older one having been covered up by an 
accumulation of brick-earth, on the surface of which the industry was 
again carried on. ‘The descent of the red-brown stony clay,’ Mr. Smith 
says, ‘finally drove the Paleolithic people away from the position.’ 
And from the way in which the implements were left, finished and un- 
finished, and the presence of heaps of unworked flints, he is of opinion 
that the workmen were driven away in a hurry. 
The implements found in and about these Palzolithic workshops, 
which are of lustrous flint, are not the oldest known to occur in this 
neighbourhood ; for others, ochreous in colour and more primitive in 
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