EARLY MAN 
and in 1889 he found at Caddington the first ochreous abraded imple- 
ment 7” situ. The height was 595 feet above the ordnance datum, and 
116 feet above the chalk valley. No river is in the neighbourhood, the 
nearest water, one and a half miles to the south, being a tiny brook, 
which becomes further southwards the river Ver, and still further south the 
Colne. 
There seems reason to believe that the living places of palzolithic 
men were not confined to river banks, but that they often extended their 
place of habitation to inland lakes, ponds and swamps, whether on hills 
or in valleys. It is however certain that when they lived on what are 
now the Caddington Hills in south Bedfordshire the present valleys had 
not been excavated. What are now hilltops were valleys in palzolithic 
times, surrounded by higher ground with upper chalk and red clay-with- 
flints. 
All the implements on the hills, new and old alike, are without 
exception newer than the Tertiary deposit. The newer men and the older 
lived on the same swampy ground surrounded by higher lands. The old 
watercourses no longer exist as such, but they are represented by shallow 
dry valleys which in their lowest parts still sometimes give rise to 
temporary drains or brooks. 
The first implements found by the writer at Caddington belonged to 
the older, ochreous and slightly abraded type, but it was subsequently 
found that under the layer of abraded implements was a series of strata of 
brick-earth, and upon each stratum were palzolithic implements and 
flakes. These implements were neither abraded nor ochreous. The 
lowest stratum was in some cases 40 feet below the present surface, as at 
Folly Pit near Caddington church, where, at this depth, implements rest 
direct on the chalk and are covered with brick-earth. The sharp-edged 
implements are the newer, and they are not confined to Caddington but 
occur in situ in brick-earth in different directions for several miles. In 
late paleolithic times the neighbourhood of Caddington was extensively 
peopled. That the people actually lived and made their tools there is 
proved by the fact that nearly 600 flakes have been replaced on imple- 
ments or on other flakes. Examples of these restorations are in the 
British Museum, University Museum, Oxford, and elsewhere. 
The men who lived on the paleolithic floors, chiefly of brick-earth, at 
Caddington, represented the latest of the paleolithic races. They were in 
the same stage of savagery or barbarism as the paleolithic men who lived 
in caves and under rock shelters. As the Caddington men had no homes 
of this kind they probably made rude shelters or huts of trees and branches. 
The tools they used were as a rule beautifully made and regular in shape. 
The ovate implement with a slightly thickened base prevailed as a type ; 
pointed tools were rare; and the scraper was well known. The flint for tool 
making and the pebbles of quartzite for the necessary hammers were close 
at hand in the Tertiary deposit, in the chalk-with-flints and the red clay- 
with-flints. A typical ovate example is shown in fig. 17 and a smaller 
specimen in fig. 18. The latter is now in the collection of Sir John Evans. 
151 
