RUDIMENTS. 



17 



reptiles and amphibians, and in certain fishes, as in sharks. It 

 is fairly well developed in the two lower divisions of the mam- 

 malian series, namely, in the monotremata and marsupials, and 

 in some few of the higher mammals, as in the walrus. But in 



Fig. 3. Foetus of an Orang. Exact copy of a photo^aph, showing 

 the form of the ear at this early age. 



man, the quadrumana, and most other mammals, it exists, as is 

 admitted by all anatomists, as 9, mere rudiment, called the 

 semilunar fold.^'' 



The sense of smell is of the highest importance to the greater 

 number of mammals — to some, as the ruminants, in warning 

 them of danger; to others, as the carnivora, in finding their prey; 

 to others, again, as the wild boar, for both purposes combined. 

 But the sense of smell is of extremely slight service, if any, even 

 to the dark colored races of men, in whom it is much more highly 

 developed than in the white and civilized races.™ Nevertheless it 



^ MuIIer's 'Elements of Physiology,' Eng. translat., 1842, vol. ii. p. 

 1117. Owen, 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. ill. p. 260; ibid on the Wal- 

 rus, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc' November 8th, 1854. See also R. Knox, 'Great 

 Artists and Anatomists,' p. 106. This rudiment apparently is somewhat 

 larger in Negroes and Australians than in Europeans, see Carl Vogt, 

 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat. p. 129. 



=» The account given by Humboldt of the power of smell possessed by 

 the natives of South America is well known, and has been confirmed 

 by others. M. Houzeau ('Etudes sur les Facultes Mentales,' &c., torn. 

 i. 1872, p. 91) asserts that he repeatedly made experiments, and proved 

 that Negroes and Indians could recognize persons in the dark by their 

 odor. Dr. W. Ogle h£is made some curious observations on the con- 

 nection between the power of smell and the coloring matter of the mu- 



