MENTAL POWERS. 69 



will also, according to Brehm, defend their master when attacked 

 by any one, as well as dogs to whom they are attached, from the 

 attacks of other dogs. But we here trench on the subjects of sym- 

 pathy and fidelity, to which I shall recur. Some of Brehm's 

 monkeys took much delight in teasing a certain old dog whom 

 they disliked, as well as other animals, in various ingenious ways. 



Most of the more complex emotions are common to the 

 higher animals and ourselves. Every one has seen how jealous 

 a dog is of his master's afEection, if lavished on any other crea- 

 ture; and I have observed the same fact with monkeys. This 

 shows that animals not only love, but have desire to be loved. 

 Animals manifestly feel emulation. They love approbation or 

 praise; and a dog carrying a basket for his master exhibits in 

 a high degree self-complacency or pride. There can, I think, be 

 no doubt that a dog feels shame, as distinct from fear, and some- 

 thing very like modesty when begging too often for food. A 

 great dog scorns the snarling of a little dog, and this may 

 be called magnanimity. Several observers have stated that 

 monkeys certainly dislike being laughed at; and they sometimes 

 invent imaginary offenses. In the Zoological Gardens I saw a 

 baboon who alv/ays got into a furious rage when his keeper took 

 out a letter or book and read it aloud to him; and his rage was 

 so violent that, as I witnessed on one occasion, he bit his own leg 

 till the blood flowed. Dogs show what may be fairly called a 

 sense of humor, as distinct from mere play; if a bit of stick or 

 other such object be thrown to one, he will often carry it away 

 for a short distance; and then squatting down with it on the 

 ground close before him, will wait until his master comes quite 

 close to take it away. The dog will then seize it and rush away in 

 triumph, repeating the same manoeuvre, and evidently enjoying 

 the practical joke. 



We will now turn to the more intellectual emotions and fac- 

 ulties, which are very important, as forming the basis for the de- 

 velopment of the higher mental powers. Animals manifestly 

 enjoy excitement, and suffer from ennui, as may be seen with 

 dogs, and, according to Rengger, with monkeys. All animals 

 feel Wonder, and many exhibit Curiosity. They sometimes suffer 

 from this latter quality, as when the hunter plays antics and thus 

 attracts them; I witnessed this with deer, and so it is with the 

 wary chamois, and with some kinds of wild-ducks. Brehm gives 

 a curious account of the instinctive dread, which his monkeys 

 exhibited, for snakes; but their curiosity was so great that they 

 could not desist from occasionally satiating their horror in a 

 most human fashion, by lifting up the lid of the box in which the 

 snakes were kept. I was so much surprised at his account, that 

 I took a stuffed and coiled-up snake into the monkey-house at the 

 Zoological Gardens, and the excitement thus caused was one of 



