MENTAL POWERS. 79 



what like a walnut, with a stone." Rengger" easily taught an 

 American monkey thus to break open hard palm-nuts; and after- 

 wards of its own accord, it used stones to open other kinds of 

 nuts, as well as boxes. It thus also removed the soft rind of fruit 

 that had a disagreeable flavor. Another monkey was taught to 

 open the lid of a large box with a stick, and afterwards it used 

 the stick as a lever to move heavy bodies; and I have myself seen 

 a young orang put a stick into a crevice, slip his hand to the other 

 end, and use it in the proper manner as a lever. The tamed ele- 

 phants in India are well known to break off branches of trees 

 and use them to drive away the flies; and this same act has been 

 observed in an elephant in a state of nature." I have seen a young 

 orang, when she thought she was going to be whipped, cover and 

 protect herself with a blanket or straw. In these several cases 

 stones and sticks were employed as implements; but they are 

 likewise used as weapons. Brehm" states, on the authority of the 

 well-known traveler Schimper, that in Abyssinia when the 

 baboons belonging to one species (C. gelada) descend in troops 

 from the mountains to plunder the fields, they sometimes en- 

 counter troops of another species (C. hamadryas), and then a 

 fight ensues. The Geladas roll down great stones, which the Ham- 

 adryas try to avoid, and then both species, making a great up- 

 roar, rush furiously against each other. Brehm, when, accom- 

 panying the Duke of Coburg-Gotha, aided in an attack with fire- 

 arms on a troop of baboons in the pass of Mensa in Abyssinia. 

 The baboons in return rolled so many stones down the mountain, 

 some as large as a man's head, that the attackers had to beat a 

 hasty retreat; and the pass was actually closed for a time against 

 the caravan. It deserves notice that these baboons thus acted 

 in concert. Mr. Wallace" on three occasions saw female orangs, 

 accompanied by their young, "breaking off branches and the 

 "great spiny fruit of the Durian tree, with every appearance of 

 "rage; causing such a shower of missiles as effectually kept us 

 "from approaching too near the tree." As I have repeatedly seen, 

 a chimpanzee will throw any object at hand at a person who 

 offends him; and the before mentioned baboon at the Cape of 

 Good Hope prepared mud for the purpose. 



In the Zoological Gardens, a monkey, which had weak teeth, 

 used to break open nuts with a stone; and I was assured by the 

 keepers that after using the stone, he hid it in the straw, and 



^ Savage and Wyman In 'Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.' vol. Iv. 1843 

 44, p. 383. 

 28 'Saugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 51-56. i_j«nV 



=1 The 'Indian Field,' March 4, 1871. K-ratorV o* Om****'**' . 



" 'Thierleben,' B. i. s. 79, 82. !ifVcaasUcU»r VJ«»«* "^° 



»i 'The Malay Archipelago,' vol. i. If69, p. 87. 1»* °"*^ 



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