MORAL SENSE. 101 



trunks any object, dead or alive, to place under their knees, to 

 prevent their sinking deeper in the mud; and the driver was 

 dreadfully afraid lest the animal should have seized Dr. Hooker 

 and crushed him to death. But the driver himself, as Dr. Hooker 

 was assured, ran no risk. This forbearance under an emergency 

 so dreadful for a heavy animal, is a wonderful proof of noble 

 fidelity.'^ 



All animals living in a body, which defend themselves or attack 

 their enemies in concert, must indeed be in some degree faithful 

 to one another; and those that follow a leader must be in some 

 degree obedient. When the baboons in Abyssinia'" plunder a 

 garden, they silently follow their leader; and if an imprudent 

 young animal makes a noise, he receives a slap from the others 

 to teach him silence and obedience. Mr. Galton, who has had 

 excellent opportunities for observing the half-wild cattle in S. 

 Africa, says,''" that they cannot endure even a momentary separa- 

 tion from the herd. They are essentially slavish, and accept the 

 common determination, seeking no better lot than to be led by 

 any one ox who has enough self-reliance to accept the position. 

 The men who break in these animals for harness, watch assidu- 

 ously for those who. by grazing apart, show a self-reliant dis- 

 position, and these they train as fore-oxen. Mr. Galton adds 

 that such animals are rare and valuable; and if many were born 

 they would soon be eliminated, as lions are always on the look- 

 out for the individuals which wander from the herd. 



With respect to the impulse which leads certain animals to 

 associate together, and to aid one another in many ways, we may 

 infer that in most cases they are impelled by the same sense of 

 satisfaction or pleasure which they experience in performing 

 other instinctive actions; or by the same sense of dissatisfaction 

 as when other instinctive actions are checked. We see this in 

 innumerable instances, and it is illustrated in a striking manner 

 by the acquired instincts of our domesticated animals; thus a 

 young shepherd-dog delights in driving and running round a 

 flock of sheep, but not in worrying them; a young fox-hound de- 

 lights in hunting a fox, whilst some other kinds of dogs, as I have 

 witnessed, utterly disregard foxes. What a strong feeling of 

 Inward satisfaction must impel a bird, so full of activity, to brood 

 day after day over her eggs. Migratory birds are quite miserable 

 if stopped from migrating; perhaps they enjoy starting on their 

 long flight; but it is hard to believe that the poor pinioned goose, 

 described by Audubon, which started on foot at the proper time 

 for its journey of probably more than a thousand miles, could 



1* See also Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 333. 

 " Brehm, 'Thierleben,' B. i. s. 76. 



^ See his extremely interesting: paper on 'Gregariousness In Cattle, 

 and in man,' 'Macmillan's Mag.' Feb. 1871, p. 353. 

 8 



