192 THE DESCENT OF MAN. 



If, hovfci'-Gr, "we look to the races of man as distributed over the 

 world, we must infer that their characteristic dilJerences cannot 

 be accounted for by the direct action of different conditions of 

 life, even after exposure to them for an enormous period of time. 

 The Esquimaux live exclusively en animal food; they are 

 clothed in thick fur, and are exposed to intense cold and to pro- 

 longed darkness; yet they do not differ in any extreme degree 

 from the inhabitants of Southern China, who live entirely on 

 vogetable food, and are exposed almoct naked to a hot, glaring 

 climate. The unclothed Puegians live on the marine productions 

 of their inhospitable shores; the Botocudos of Brazil wander 

 about the hot forests of the interior and live chiefly on vegetable 

 productions; yet these tribes resemble each other so closely that 

 the Fuegians on board the "Beagle" were mistaken by some Bra- 

 zilians for Botocudos. The Botocudos again, as well as the other 

 inhabitants of tropical America, are wholly different from the 

 Negroes who inhabit the opposite shores of the Atlantic, are ex- 

 posed to a nearly similar climate, and follow nearly the same 

 habits of life. 



Nor can the differences between the races of man be accounted 

 for by the inherited effects of the increased or decreased use of 

 parts, except to a quite insignificant degree. Men who habitu- 

 ally live in canoes, may have their legs somewhat stunted; those 

 who inhabit lofty regions m?,y have their chests enlarged; and 

 those who constantly use certain sense-organs may have the 

 cavities in which they are lodged somewhat increased in size, and 

 their features consequently a little modified. With civilized na- 

 tions, the reduced size of the jaws from lessened use — the habit- 

 ual play of different muscles serving to express different emo- 

 tions — and the increased size of tlio brain from greater intellect- 

 ual activity, have together produced a considerable effect on 

 their general appearance when compared with savages." In- 

 creased bodily stature, without any corresponding increase in 

 the size of the brain, may (judging from the previously adduced 

 case of rabbits), have given to some races an elongated skull of 

 the dolichocephalic type. 



Lastly, the little-understood principle of correlated develop- 

 ment has sometimes come into action, as in the case of great 

 muscular development and strongly projecting supra-orbital 

 ridges. The cvlor of the skin and hair are plainly correlated, as 

 is the texture of the hair with its color in the j^laiidans of North 

 America. "' The color also of the skin, and the odor emitted by it, 



»' See Prof. Sohaafrhauscn, Iraiislat. in 'Anthropological Review,' 

 Oct. 1S6S, p. 429. 



i» Mr. Catlin states CN. Americaji Indians,' Srd edit. 1S'!2, vol. 1, p, 49) 

 that in the v.'hole tri'oe cf tlie Mandans, about one in ten or twelve 

 of the members, of all a^es and both sexes, have bright silvery gray 



