472 THE DESCENT OP MAN. 



and the stripes over the eyes, more strongly pronounced. The 

 male also takes at least a share In hatching the eggs; but the 

 female likewise attends to the young.^" I have not been able 

 to discover whether with these species the young resemble the 

 adult males more closely than the adult females; for the com- 

 parison is somewhat difficult to make on account of the double 

 moult. 



Turning now to the Ostrich order: the male of the common 

 cassowary (Casuarius galeatus) would be thought by any one 

 to be the female, from his smaller size and from the appendages 

 and naked skin about his head being much less brightly colored; 

 and I am informed by Mr. Bartlett that in the Zoological Gar- 

 dens, it is certainly the male alone who sits on the eggs and 

 takes care of the young.-' The female is said by Mr. T. W. 

 "Wood^^ to exhibit during the breeding season a most pugnacious 

 disposition; and her wattles then become enlarged and more 

 brilliantly colored. So again the female of one of the emus 

 (Dromffius irroratus) is considerably larger than the male, and 

 she possesses a slight top-knot, but is otherwise indistinguishable 

 in plumage. She appears, however, "to have greater power 

 "when angry or 'otherwise excited, of erecting, like a turkey- 

 "cock, the feathers of her neck and breast. She is usually the 

 "more courageous and pugilistic. She makes a deep hollow gut- 

 "teral boom especially at night, sounding like a small gong. The 

 "male has a slenderer frame and is more docile, with no voice 

 "beyond a suppressed hiss when angry, or a croak." He not only 

 performs the whole duty of incubation, but has to defend the 

 young from their mother; "for as soon as she catches sight of 

 "her progeny she becomes violently agitated, and notwithstanding 

 "the resistance of the father appears to use her utmost endeavors 

 "to destroy them. For months afterwards it is unsafe to put 

 "the parents together, violent quarrels being the inevitable re- 



-0 For these several statements, see Mr. Gould's 'Birds of Great 

 Britain.' Prof. Newton informs ine ttiat lie has long" been convinced, 

 from his own observations and from those of others, that the males of 

 the above-named species take either the whole or a large share of 

 the duties of incubation, and that they "show much greater devotion 

 "towards their young, when in danger, than do the females." So It 

 is, as he informs me, with Limosa lapponlca and some few other 

 Waders, in which the females are larger and have more strongly con- 

 trasted colors than the males. 



"■ The natives of Ceram (Wallace, 'Malay Archipelago,' vol. ii. p. 150) 

 assert that the male and female sit alternately on the eggs; but this 

 assertion, as Mr. Bartlett thinks, may be accounted for by the female 

 visiting the nest to lay her eggs. 



^ 'The Student,' April, 1870, p. 124. 



