626 THE DESCENT OF MAN. 



leaving offspring to inherit their gradually-perfected glands and 

 odors. 



Development of the Hair. — We have seen that male quadrupeds 

 often have the hair on their necks and shoulders much more 

 developed than the females; and many additional instances could 

 be given. This sometimes serves as a defense to the male during 

 his battles; but vfhether the hair in most cases has been specially 

 developed for this purpose, is very doubtful. We may feel al- 

 most certain that this is not the case, when only a thin and 

 narrow crest runs along the back; for a crest of this kind would 

 afford scarcely any protection, and the ridge of the back is not 

 a place likely to be injured; nevertheless such crests are some- 

 times confined to the males, or are much more developed in them 

 than in the females. Two antelopes, the Tragelaphus scriptus" 

 (see fig. 70, p. 539) and Portax plcta, may be given as instances. 

 When stags, and the males of the wild goat, are enraged or terri- 

 fied, these crests stand erect;" but it cannot be supposed that they 

 have been developed merely for the sake of exciting fear in their 

 enemies. One of the above-named antelopes, the Portax picta, 

 has a large well-defined brush of black hair on the throat, and 

 this is much larger in the male than in the female. In the Am- 

 motragus tragelaphus of North Africa, a member of the sheep- 

 family, the fore-legs are almost concealed by an extraordinary 

 growth of hair, which depends from the neck and upper halves of 

 the legs; but Mr. Bartlett does not believe that this mantle is 

 of the least use to the male, in whom it is much more developed 

 than in the female. 



Male quadrupeds of many kinds differ from the females in hav- 

 ing more hair, or hair of a different character, on certain parts 

 of their faces. Thus the bull alone has curled hair on the fore- 

 head.'° In three closely-allied sub-genera of the goat family, 

 only the males possess beards, sometimes of large size; in two 

 other sub-genera both sexes have a beard, but it disappears in 

 some of the domestic breeds of the common goat; and neither 

 sex of the Hemitragus has a beard. In the ibex the beard is not 

 developed during the summer, and it is so small at other times 

 that it may be called rudimentary." With some monkeys the 

 beard is confined to the male, as in the orang; or is much larger 



15 Dr. Gray, 'Gleanings from the Menagerie at Knowsley,' pi. 28. 



" Judge Caton on the "Wapiti, 'Transact. Ottawa Acad. Nat. Sci- 

 ences,' 1S68, pp. 36, 40; Blyth, 'Land and Water,' on Capra aegagrus, 

 1867, p. 37. 



« 'Hunter's Essays and Observations,' edited by Owen, 1861, vol. i. 

 p. 236. 



1° See Dr. Gray's 'Cat. of Mammalia in British Museum,' part ili. 

 1852, p. 144. 



